University of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622An Analysis of National Identity and its Sextet Dimensions in Isfahan CityAn Analysis of National Identity and its Sextet Dimensions in Isfahan City12018300FAYaserRastegarPh.D. Student of Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranAliRabaniAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614Entering the twenty-first century, the world witnessed several major developments that affect all aspects of human life, and in the midst of one of the most challenging changes, it is a change in the cognitive dimension and more precisely, identity of the people. In the past, never was identity an important issue of the day and had only a designated path guided by traditional beliefs and values, which were themselves supported by such social institutions as family and religion. However, new identities have emerged as media, technology and the overall process of modernization and development make individual identity a more salient phenomenon. National identity brings solidarity among individuals and emphasizes their collective purpose. Governments rely on national identity, and support it through their own value system by training, socialization, advertising and other means to induce unite their citizens. The key variable in defining national identity is values and social norms of a society. Industrialization of urban environments, technological development, cultural products, and the increasing use of new communicational insturments, has led to fundamental changes in cultural life of the people (Aghdam Alizadeh et al, 2010).This paper is an investigation in the status of national identity among Isfahani citizens and those socio-cultural variables which affect national identity.Entering the twenty-first century, the world witnessed several major developments that affect all aspects of human life, and in the midst of one of the most challenging changes, it is a change in the cognitive dimension and more precisely, identity of the people. In the past, never was identity an important issue of the day and had only a designated path guided by traditional beliefs and values, which were themselves supported by such social institutions as family and religion. However, new identities have emerged as media, technology and the overall process of modernization and development make individual identity a more salient phenomenon. National identity brings solidarity among individuals and emphasizes their collective purpose. Governments rely on national identity, and support it through their own value system by training, socialization, advertising and other means to induce unite their citizens. The key variable in defining national identity is values and social norms of a society. Industrialization of urban environments, technological development, cultural products, and the increasing use of new communicational insturments, has led to fundamental changes in cultural life of the people (Aghdam Alizadeh et al, 2010).This paper is an investigation in the status of national identity among Isfahani citizens and those socio-cultural variables which affect national identity.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18300_9b7f822c2c1350f0878a87684368a4bc.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622Meta-Analysis of Methods and Findings of Urban Quality of Life in IranMeta-Analysis of Methods and Findings of Urban Quality of Life in Iran214018301FASaeedShafiaM.A. Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, IranMohammad AliShafiaAssociate Professor, Elm va Sanaat University, Tehran, IranGholamrezaKazemianAssistant Professor, Department of Management, Allameh Tabatabaee University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160614There is no agreement on what city and urban lifestyle are. It is not just about minimum factors that each city must have, but also about social interactions, social needs and individual perceptions which are dependent on cultural characteristics and geographical details. Generally speaking, cities have complex systems of transportation, sanitation, utilities, land usage, social connections and economic actions. These systems are always in the process of changing and developing. So, development of cities leads to new lifestyles and create what we may call urban life. Development of urban life causes concentration of equipments and resources in cities. Also, it is clear that a mere focus on quantitative facts of urban development is not enough to get to the efficient way of life. Hence researchers and managers have decided to pay more attention to factors which are more related to quality of urban life. In other words, after an initial attention to quantitative development of cities, the concept of quality of life is now getting attention in terms of qualitative factors. Due to this shift, a great deal of scientific and practical studies have been conducted and many new things have been revealed. Medical, sociological, psychological, environmental and economic points of views led to create new indexes and multidimensional frameworks. More than that, each city arrives at special findings which are linked to its local specifications. Because of diversity of results in different cases and cities, reaching to a shared and unique conclusion for urban quality of life is not easy. So the purpose of this study is to centralize and summarize the results of various studies on this topic in Iran. Meta-analysis is a research method for arriving at a specific knowledge from different studies. This research method was introduced in the late 1970s and soon became famous because of its abilities to get clear conclusions.There is no agreement on what city and urban lifestyle are. It is not just about minimum factors that each city must have, but also about social interactions, social needs and individual perceptions which are dependent on cultural characteristics and geographical details. Generally speaking, cities have complex systems of transportation, sanitation, utilities, land usage, social connections and economic actions. These systems are always in the process of changing and developing. So, development of cities leads to new lifestyles and create what we may call urban life. Development of urban life causes concentration of equipments and resources in cities. Also, it is clear that a mere focus on quantitative facts of urban development is not enough to get to the efficient way of life. Hence researchers and managers have decided to pay more attention to factors which are more related to quality of urban life. In other words, after an initial attention to quantitative development of cities, the concept of quality of life is now getting attention in terms of qualitative factors. Due to this shift, a great deal of scientific and practical studies have been conducted and many new things have been revealed. Medical, sociological, psychological, environmental and economic points of views led to create new indexes and multidimensional frameworks. More than that, each city arrives at special findings which are linked to its local specifications. Because of diversity of results in different cases and cities, reaching to a shared and unique conclusion for urban quality of life is not easy. So the purpose of this study is to centralize and summarize the results of various studies on this topic in Iran. Meta-analysis is a research method for arriving at a specific knowledge from different studies. This research method was introduced in the late 1970s and soon became famous because of its abilities to get clear conclusions.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18301_59bc8d47bc65fdcbdc9408f37af75189.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622The Concept and Model of Learning Society in IranThe Concept and Model of Learning Society in Iran416618302FASedigheKarimiPh.D Student, Curriculum Planning, University of Isfahan, IranAhmad-RezaNasr EsfahaniProfessor, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranLive And Learn, MostafaSharifAssociate Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614The growth of science and technology tend to convert society to a learning society and enjoy its profits and also cope with its challenges (Edwards, 2002; Jarvis, 2008; Unesco, 2005). In response to questions such as "what is a learning society?" And "what are features of a learning society?" researchers have noted that understanding the concept of learning society requires attention to lifelong learning objectives or outcomes (Tuomi, 2005). These goals can be obtained by individual, social and economic developments. Today, despite the differences of opinion between the professionals about the purpose of lifelong learning, all believe that in a learning society, individuals are encouraged to undertake learning in different locations to realize the above three developments. They have proposed different models about learning society. Edwards (1997) have divided these models based on their philosophical foundations into three: learning society as an educated society, as a learning market, and as learning networks. Reviewing the learning society model, many scholars have noted that there is not a single ideal model for learning society, which could be suitable for all countries. Therefore each country should supply a specific strategic model of learning society that fits the cultural and national heritage of its nation (Tuijnman, 2002, p 26). According to the notification, the present paper seeks to examine the concept and model of learning society for Iran.The growth of science and technology tend to convert society to a learning society and enjoy its profits and also cope with its challenges (Edwards, 2002; Jarvis, 2008; Unesco, 2005). In response to questions such as "what is a learning society?" And "what are features of a learning society?" researchers have noted that understanding the concept of learning society requires attention to lifelong learning objectives or outcomes (Tuomi, 2005). These goals can be obtained by individual, social and economic developments. Today, despite the differences of opinion between the professionals about the purpose of lifelong learning, all believe that in a learning society, individuals are encouraged to undertake learning in different locations to realize the above three developments. They have proposed different models about learning society. Edwards (1997) have divided these models based on their philosophical foundations into three: learning society as an educated society, as a learning market, and as learning networks. Reviewing the learning society model, many scholars have noted that there is not a single ideal model for learning society, which could be suitable for all countries. Therefore each country should supply a specific strategic model of learning society that fits the cultural and national heritage of its nation (Tuijnman, 2002, p 26). According to the notification, the present paper seeks to examine the concept and model of learning society for Iran.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18302_9d6f43c8ab416f8f370cdfb28987733e.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622The Impact of Three Types of Economic, Cultural and Social Capitals on Youth’s HappinessThe Impact of Three Types of Economic, Cultural and Social Capitals on Youth’s Happiness678818303FAFatemehAkbarzadehM.A. of Sociology, Mazandaran University, IranHamidDehghaniPh.D. Student of Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranGholamrezaKhoshfarAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Golestan University, IranHeydarJanalizadehAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Mazandaran University, IranJournal Article20160614Happiness refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations of one’s own life and is defined in terms of life satisfaction, presence of positive affect and absence of negative affect. Being happy is a response to how to live, especially for the young people, who build the future of this country and follow a purposeful life<strong>.</strong> Happiness produces passion, emotion, motivation, seeking and effort in youth's life. <strong> </strong>Importance of happiness and its role on youth’s life is the reason behind doing this research. Also it can play an accelerating role on the process of society’s development. Almost everyone has thoughts about happiness and it seems that everybody has created their own idea of it. Likewise, in science, each discipline has developed its especial view on happiness: psychologists see it as matter of personality, biologists as the result of chemical processes, philosophers see it mostly in a moral context, and sociologists think of it as a social condition. What is remarkable about the sociological view towards happiness is that it provides a common understanding. Where happiness is usually defined as a purely individual or psychological phenomenon, sociologists insist that happiness is socially grounded. Here we consider the effect of three independent variables, namely, economic capital, cultural capital and social capital on happiness. Most of the people believe that having money and a good job can increase their happiness and life satisfaction. Aristotle believed that wealth is a necessary ingredient of happiness (1991). Stoics, in contrast, believed that material possessions and wealth are in no way required for happiness. Research, all in all, suggests that an adequate amount of money is a necessary condition for happiness, albeit not a sufficient one. Diener and Seligman (2002) found in their study on very happy individuals that every single one of them had excellent social relationships. Quantity and, more importantly, quality of friendships correlate positively with happiness, and perceived loneliness is robustly linked to depression. In light of this and other parallel findings, Reis and Gable (2003) have suggested that good social relationships may be the single most important source of happiness. Happiness refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations of one’s own life and is defined in terms of life satisfaction, presence of positive affect and absence of negative affect. Being happy is a response to how to live, especially for the young people, who build the future of this country and follow a purposeful life<strong>.</strong> Happiness produces passion, emotion, motivation, seeking and effort in youth's life. <strong> </strong>Importance of happiness and its role on youth’s life is the reason behind doing this research. Also it can play an accelerating role on the process of society’s development. Almost everyone has thoughts about happiness and it seems that everybody has created their own idea of it. Likewise, in science, each discipline has developed its especial view on happiness: psychologists see it as matter of personality, biologists as the result of chemical processes, philosophers see it mostly in a moral context, and sociologists think of it as a social condition. What is remarkable about the sociological view towards happiness is that it provides a common understanding. Where happiness is usually defined as a purely individual or psychological phenomenon, sociologists insist that happiness is socially grounded. Here we consider the effect of three independent variables, namely, economic capital, cultural capital and social capital on happiness. Most of the people believe that having money and a good job can increase their happiness and life satisfaction. Aristotle believed that wealth is a necessary ingredient of happiness (1991). Stoics, in contrast, believed that material possessions and wealth are in no way required for happiness. Research, all in all, suggests that an adequate amount of money is a necessary condition for happiness, albeit not a sufficient one. Diener and Seligman (2002) found in their study on very happy individuals that every single one of them had excellent social relationships. Quantity and, more importantly, quality of friendships correlate positively with happiness, and perceived loneliness is robustly linked to depression. In light of this and other parallel findings, Reis and Gable (2003) have suggested that good social relationships may be the single most important source of happiness. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18303_ddf6461b28324191452405167f732c8a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622A Qualitative-Comparative Analysis of Violent Political Conflict at Macro LevelA Qualitative-Comparative Analysis of Violent Political Conflict at Macro Level8911018304FARasoulAbbasi Taghi DizajPh.D. Student of Sociology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranRezaHemmatiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614The present article has been reflected in a violent political conflict in macro level with using case-oriented comparative-qualitative approach. Broadly speaking, this article proposes to answer this question of why in some countries, conflict is low and if so, how managed and controlled? But other countries faced with varieties of conflicts and experienced violent consequences. The theoretical framework of this study based on analyzing and explaining mutual relations among economic, political dimensions, the density of valuable resources and its distribution mode and quality of governance. The methodological strategy is established upon the fuzzy approach, sufficient and necessary condition of occurrence of the result, recognition of structure and causal mechanism. The Findings indicate that inequality in wealth, nominal inequality, an economy based on energy export was not a sufficient and necessary condition of violent political conflict but the absence of democracy, economic underdevelopment, and absence of governance quality are alone sufficient and necessary condition violent political conflict. Also combining of two conditions namely economic development and democracy and inequality in wealth and democracy are sufficient condition of violent political conflict. Results of multiple conjectural causations reveal that aggressive political conflict includes the absence of inequality in wealth, the absence of democracy, existence of nominal inequality, the absence of economic development and governance quality.The present article has been reflected in a violent political conflict in macro level with using case-oriented comparative-qualitative approach. Broadly speaking, this article proposes to answer this question of why in some countries, conflict is low and if so, how managed and controlled? But other countries faced with varieties of conflicts and experienced violent consequences. The theoretical framework of this study based on analyzing and explaining mutual relations among economic, political dimensions, the density of valuable resources and its distribution mode and quality of governance. The methodological strategy is established upon the fuzzy approach, sufficient and necessary condition of occurrence of the result, recognition of structure and causal mechanism. The Findings indicate that inequality in wealth, nominal inequality, an economy based on energy export was not a sufficient and necessary condition of violent political conflict but the absence of democracy, economic underdevelopment, and absence of governance quality are alone sufficient and necessary condition violent political conflict. Also combining of two conditions namely economic development and democracy and inequality in wealth and democracy are sufficient condition of violent political conflict. Results of multiple conjectural causations reveal that aggressive political conflict includes the absence of inequality in wealth, the absence of democracy, existence of nominal inequality, the absence of economic development and governance quality.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18304_9fde59d407981ee5c716813778db175a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622A Study on the Factors Influencing the Space between Marriage and Having Children (Case Study: Married Women of 20-49 in Isfahan)A Study on the Factors Influencing the Space between Marriage and Having Children (Case Study: Married Women of 20-49 in Isfahan)11112518305FAHamidKeshavarzAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University – Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Isfahan, IranMasourHaghighatianAssociat Professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University – Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Isfahan, IranKhadijehTavasoli DinaniM.A. Student, Islamic Azad University – Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614In recent years, many researchers have tried to answer questions about changes in fertility. According to time and place conditions and abilities, they have presented research results to the scientific society. Despite these studies, however, no convincing answer can be given to the questions on how these rapid changes in fertility have taken place in recent years. Also, a relative understanding of each factor influencing fertility changes, specifically those influencing the space between marriage and having children needs more study. This research aims answering these questions so that hopefully a part of the void in this field will be filled. In most studies of in fertility the main variable has been the number of children present and attempts have been made to find the factors influencing the increase of number of children through examining family's different population, social, and financial factors; so in the present research we have tried to test several hypotheses through combining the current popular viewpoints in the field of giving birth to children and examining social, financial and population factors influencing dependent variables under study. Also according to statistical standards married women of 20-49 in Isfahan have been chosen as the population of study.In recent years, many researchers have tried to answer questions about changes in fertility. According to time and place conditions and abilities, they have presented research results to the scientific society. Despite these studies, however, no convincing answer can be given to the questions on how these rapid changes in fertility have taken place in recent years. Also, a relative understanding of each factor influencing fertility changes, specifically those influencing the space between marriage and having children needs more study. This research aims answering these questions so that hopefully a part of the void in this field will be filled. In most studies of in fertility the main variable has been the number of children present and attempts have been made to find the factors influencing the increase of number of children through examining family's different population, social, and financial factors; so in the present research we have tried to test several hypotheses through combining the current popular viewpoints in the field of giving birth to children and examining social, financial and population factors influencing dependent variables under study. Also according to statistical standards married women of 20-49 in Isfahan have been chosen as the population of study.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18305_df7fd9a6723e7e465b8ecbae8e4efef0.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622The Impact of Sectorial Economic Growth on Poverty and Social welfare in Provinces of Iran (2000-2007)The Impact of Sectorial Economic Growth on Poverty and Social welfare in Provinces of Iran (2000-2007)12714218306FAShekoofehFarahmandAssistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Isfahan, IranSeyed KomailTayebiProfessor, Department of Economics, University of Isfahan, IranMohsenKarimiM.A. Student of Economics, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614In the recent literature on poverty and growth two main questions are receiving increasing attention: How much do the poor share in aggregate economic growth? And what factors explain differences (across space or over time) in the impacts of economic growth on poverty? In economic activities, with the growth of the agricultural sector, it is expected that extreme poverty will be reduced and income distribution will become more appropriate. Agricultural sector contains employment opportunities, both direct and indirect, which increase national output more than many others sectors. Research shows that the most successful economies are those that push the industry towards increasing exports. Studies show that the growth rate of the service sector (in terms of employment) is higher. Education, health and recreation services, have a positive impact on the quality of the organization. Professional services, including special skills for increasing competitiveness of firms provide special expertise for a business company which is competitive. One of the other policies that come to fight poverty is increasing human capital through training people. Increasing levels of education lead to increasing individual employment. This means that the main level of a nation's life is the ability to use skills, awareness about issues related to health and education. Income inequality is another important factor affecting poverty which is in a close relationship with it. In fact, as income inequality increases, the gap between the poor and the rich becomes wider. Since the growth of agriculture, industry and service sectors and the impact of variables such as education, health and social assistance on them are important, the question is what relationships might exist between these variables and poverty and welfare? Previous research has shown that growth in average income is correlated with reduction in the occurrence and depth of poverty. Looking at 67 countries, Ravallion and Chen (1997) find that inequality changes were uncorrelated with growth rates between 1981 and 1994, implying that poverty declines are strongly correlated with growth in mean incomes. They estimated that the elasticity of poverty incidence (at the “$1-a-day” line) to mean household income was about −3. Ravallion (2001) finds a lower elasticity of −2.1, when an econometric correction is made for measurement errors in surveys. Dollar and Kraay (2002) also found that “growth is good for the poor:” in a sample of 92 countries, over four decades, the mean incomes of the poorest 20% of the population grew on average at the same rate as overall mean incomes. For India, Ravallion and Datt (1996) found that growth in the agricultural and (especially) service sectors had a higher impact on poverty than manufacturing growth. Using state-level data over time for India, Ravallion and Datt (2002) found that the elasticity of poverty to non-agricultural growth varied significantly across states, and was greater in states with higher initial literacy and farm productivity, and lower landlessness and infant mortality. There is a relationship between poverty and social welfare, as it is shown in figure (1). <br /><strong>Figure (1)- Poverty and social welfare</strong> <br /> In the recent literature on poverty and growth two main questions are receiving increasing attention: How much do the poor share in aggregate economic growth? And what factors explain differences (across space or over time) in the impacts of economic growth on poverty? In economic activities, with the growth of the agricultural sector, it is expected that extreme poverty will be reduced and income distribution will become more appropriate. Agricultural sector contains employment opportunities, both direct and indirect, which increase national output more than many others sectors. Research shows that the most successful economies are those that push the industry towards increasing exports. Studies show that the growth rate of the service sector (in terms of employment) is higher. Education, health and recreation services, have a positive impact on the quality of the organization. Professional services, including special skills for increasing competitiveness of firms provide special expertise for a business company which is competitive. One of the other policies that come to fight poverty is increasing human capital through training people. Increasing levels of education lead to increasing individual employment. This means that the main level of a nation's life is the ability to use skills, awareness about issues related to health and education. Income inequality is another important factor affecting poverty which is in a close relationship with it. In fact, as income inequality increases, the gap between the poor and the rich becomes wider. Since the growth of agriculture, industry and service sectors and the impact of variables such as education, health and social assistance on them are important, the question is what relationships might exist between these variables and poverty and welfare? Previous research has shown that growth in average income is correlated with reduction in the occurrence and depth of poverty. Looking at 67 countries, Ravallion and Chen (1997) find that inequality changes were uncorrelated with growth rates between 1981 and 1994, implying that poverty declines are strongly correlated with growth in mean incomes. They estimated that the elasticity of poverty incidence (at the “$1-a-day” line) to mean household income was about −3. Ravallion (2001) finds a lower elasticity of −2.1, when an econometric correction is made for measurement errors in surveys. Dollar and Kraay (2002) also found that “growth is good for the poor:” in a sample of 92 countries, over four decades, the mean incomes of the poorest 20% of the population grew on average at the same rate as overall mean incomes. For India, Ravallion and Datt (1996) found that growth in the agricultural and (especially) service sectors had a higher impact on poverty than manufacturing growth. Using state-level data over time for India, Ravallion and Datt (2002) found that the elasticity of poverty to non-agricultural growth varied significantly across states, and was greater in states with higher initial literacy and farm productivity, and lower landlessness and infant mortality. There is a relationship between poverty and social welfare, as it is shown in figure (1). <br /><strong>Figure (1)- Poverty and social welfare</strong> <br /> https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18306_7d0dc8e23e2372cb5abdcbc0a2e0e477.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622The Impact of Organizational Factors on the Level of Work Ethic among State Office Employee (Case of Study: Khansar City Employees)The Impact of Organizational Factors on the Level of Work Ethic among State Office Employee (Case of Study: Khansar City Employees)14316418307FAMehrangizMohammadkhaniM.A. Sociology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IranEsmaeelBalaliAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IranAkramMohammadiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan, IranJournal Article20160614Today organizations have to face increases in speed, intensity and depth of internal and external conditions. Copying with organizational goals, employee views, managers' attitudes, strategies and activities is an important key which impacts development of societies. Human resources are the main bases upon which nations can increase their wealth, realize their capitals, promote social, political and economic organizations, and support national development. Therefore, a country which cannot develop its citizens' skills and knowledge and use them effectively in national economy, cannot make progress in any other context (Harbinson,1973:3). Todaro believes what ultimately determines characteristics and trend of social and economic development of a country is its human resources rather material and capital wealth. So, the difference of developmental power of countries is laid in their differences in the quality of labor forces. This article studies the effect of organizational factors on level of work ethic based on a micro perspective. Work ethic is a part of society’s culture which entails values and norms related to work which can be studied or measured. It is a set of characteristics and behaviors which members of a society show in observing qualitative and quantitative conditions of committed work. These behaviors result from a notion based on workers’ attitudes and are in a relation with society's goals in general. With regard to important effects of work ethic on fulfillment of goals, strategy provision, individual behaviors, function of organization, job satisfaction, innovation and creativity, quality of decision making and so on, we can say that there is no other variable more important than the effect and role of this conception in the organization. Studies show that weak work ethic and low levels of useful work in Iran is a problem. For example, of the standard 8 hours work in Iran, only less than 1 hour is considered to be useful work. Whereas, this figure is 7 hours and 34 minutes for Japan (Moidfar,1378:34). Reports show that index of human labor productivity in Iran is low in comparison to our neighboring countries and Eastern Asia . In addition, problems such as lack of motivation, time waste, etc. are indicators of weakness of work ethic among Iranian employees. Today, work ethic is one of effecting factors in development and progress of industrial countries and studying it is sociologically relevant.Today organizations have to face increases in speed, intensity and depth of internal and external conditions. Copying with organizational goals, employee views, managers' attitudes, strategies and activities is an important key which impacts development of societies. Human resources are the main bases upon which nations can increase their wealth, realize their capitals, promote social, political and economic organizations, and support national development. Therefore, a country which cannot develop its citizens' skills and knowledge and use them effectively in national economy, cannot make progress in any other context (Harbinson,1973:3). Todaro believes what ultimately determines characteristics and trend of social and economic development of a country is its human resources rather material and capital wealth. So, the difference of developmental power of countries is laid in their differences in the quality of labor forces. This article studies the effect of organizational factors on level of work ethic based on a micro perspective. Work ethic is a part of society’s culture which entails values and norms related to work which can be studied or measured. It is a set of characteristics and behaviors which members of a society show in observing qualitative and quantitative conditions of committed work. These behaviors result from a notion based on workers’ attitudes and are in a relation with society's goals in general. With regard to important effects of work ethic on fulfillment of goals, strategy provision, individual behaviors, function of organization, job satisfaction, innovation and creativity, quality of decision making and so on, we can say that there is no other variable more important than the effect and role of this conception in the organization. Studies show that weak work ethic and low levels of useful work in Iran is a problem. For example, of the standard 8 hours work in Iran, only less than 1 hour is considered to be useful work. Whereas, this figure is 7 hours and 34 minutes for Japan (Moidfar,1378:34). Reports show that index of human labor productivity in Iran is low in comparison to our neighboring countries and Eastern Asia . In addition, problems such as lack of motivation, time waste, etc. are indicators of weakness of work ethic among Iranian employees. Today, work ethic is one of effecting factors in development and progress of industrial countries and studying it is sociologically relevant.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18307_105b74a9c5282b3efda33e77aa21df08.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622A Study of the Impact of Perceived Organizational Justice on Employee's Social Capital (Case Study: Health Network of Noshahr City)A Study of the Impact of Perceived Organizational Justice on Employee's Social Capital (Case Study: Health Network of Noshahr City)16518418308FAAliNasr EsfahaniAssistant Professor, Department of Management, University of Isfahan, IranJavadShabani NaftchaliM.A. Department of Management, University of Isfahan, IranJavadKhazaei PoolM.A. Department of Management, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614In recent years, increasing attention to the issue of organizational justice and its impacts on organizational outcome has urged organizations to strive for organizational justice in order to survive and reach their objectives. Perceiving injustice has a destructive impact on teamwork spirit and motivation of employees. Injustice and unfair distribution of organization's outputs and achievements demoralize employees and diminish their motivation to be active and assiduous. Besides, it probably reduces performance, production and commitment to the organization. In fact, justice does not mean to assign a single standard for all members. Rather, it means that we must enact responsibilities in certain conditions and act upon them in a fair way. Organizational justice determines how the employees must be treated so they feel they are being treated with justice. According to Lopaciuk (2011, p.63), while organizational justice have a positive effect on an organization's manpower in achieving objectives of employees and the organization, the employees' social capital is also instrumental in a way that chances of success in an organization with high levels of social capital is much more than those organization in which social capital is low. Social capital is a kind of latent wealth and property which is the result of mental preparedness of members of a society to give up their personal interests and engage in collaborative action. It could be considered as a manageable phenomenon in the sense that we can restructure it according to policies of the organization or help the process of its formation. Unlike other kinds of capital, social capital does not exist physically. Rather, it is the result of group and social norms and interactions whose increase causes the reduction of operational costs of the organization. Social capital is generative in nature and urges people to preserve values, perform tasks correctly, reach their goals and accomplish their life plans. In other words, no person or organization could succeed without social capital. Because it is related to perceived sense of injustice, this study attempts to discuss the establishment of justice in organization and employees' opinion on this issue as an effective factor regarding the amount of employees' social capital in the organization. The results, if proven, could help managers employ people with more social capital and hence achieve more success by establishing organizational justice.In recent years, increasing attention to the issue of organizational justice and its impacts on organizational outcome has urged organizations to strive for organizational justice in order to survive and reach their objectives. Perceiving injustice has a destructive impact on teamwork spirit and motivation of employees. Injustice and unfair distribution of organization's outputs and achievements demoralize employees and diminish their motivation to be active and assiduous. Besides, it probably reduces performance, production and commitment to the organization. In fact, justice does not mean to assign a single standard for all members. Rather, it means that we must enact responsibilities in certain conditions and act upon them in a fair way. Organizational justice determines how the employees must be treated so they feel they are being treated with justice. According to Lopaciuk (2011, p.63), while organizational justice have a positive effect on an organization's manpower in achieving objectives of employees and the organization, the employees' social capital is also instrumental in a way that chances of success in an organization with high levels of social capital is much more than those organization in which social capital is low. Social capital is a kind of latent wealth and property which is the result of mental preparedness of members of a society to give up their personal interests and engage in collaborative action. It could be considered as a manageable phenomenon in the sense that we can restructure it according to policies of the organization or help the process of its formation. Unlike other kinds of capital, social capital does not exist physically. Rather, it is the result of group and social norms and interactions whose increase causes the reduction of operational costs of the organization. Social capital is generative in nature and urges people to preserve values, perform tasks correctly, reach their goals and accomplish their life plans. In other words, no person or organization could succeed without social capital. Because it is related to perceived sense of injustice, this study attempts to discuss the establishment of justice in organization and employees' opinion on this issue as an effective factor regarding the amount of employees' social capital in the organization. The results, if proven, could help managers employ people with more social capital and hence achieve more success by establishing organizational justice.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18308_df8d095d83dcceb509a6711053d64c5a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622An Investigation of the Relationship between Responsibility And Attitude towards Saving WaterAn Investigation of the Relationship between Responsibility And Attitude towards Saving Water18520018309FASiroosAhmadiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Yasouj University, IranAsgharMirfardiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Yasouj University, Iran0000-0002-1219-4485GhasemZareiM.A. Student of Sociology, Yasouj University , IranJournal Article20160614There is clear evidence that because of irrational consumption, some parts of the world face problem of scarcity in natural resources. Natural resources of any society are its wealth that belongs not only to the present generation, but is a heritage that should be passed on to the future generations. The harmful outcomes resulting from shortage of natural resources has led, since the 70s, to several international conferences at the highest political level for optimal utilization of natural resources to achieve sustainable development. According to constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, preservation of the environment, both natural and human resources to achieve sustainable development, is considered as a national duty. Lack of natural resources such as fresh water is vital and quite evident. Of the total amount of water on earth, only 2.5 percent is fresh water, of which about two-third (68.9 percent) is trapped in glaciers and only a third of this amount is usable in such a diverse and uneven distribution. Based on current estimations, by 2050 at least 50 countries face shortage of fresh water, among which Iran is a country. Although the average rainfall in Iran is one-third of the global average, per capita consumption of water in all sectors, domestic, agricultural and industrial, is higher than the international standards. For example, per capita consumption of domestic water in Iran is 220 liters per day, while, this standard for world is only 75 liters. This shows that the amount of water consumption is a social problem in Iran. While in response to energy crisis many management strategies have been proposed, the fundamental solution in water crisis is saving. We try to review saving in water consumption in terms of various theoretical approaches, and consider the relationship between responsibility and tendency towards water consumption in particular.There is clear evidence that because of irrational consumption, some parts of the world face problem of scarcity in natural resources. Natural resources of any society are its wealth that belongs not only to the present generation, but is a heritage that should be passed on to the future generations. The harmful outcomes resulting from shortage of natural resources has led, since the 70s, to several international conferences at the highest political level for optimal utilization of natural resources to achieve sustainable development. According to constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, preservation of the environment, both natural and human resources to achieve sustainable development, is considered as a national duty. Lack of natural resources such as fresh water is vital and quite evident. Of the total amount of water on earth, only 2.5 percent is fresh water, of which about two-third (68.9 percent) is trapped in glaciers and only a third of this amount is usable in such a diverse and uneven distribution. Based on current estimations, by 2050 at least 50 countries face shortage of fresh water, among which Iran is a country. Although the average rainfall in Iran is one-third of the global average, per capita consumption of water in all sectors, domestic, agricultural and industrial, is higher than the international standards. For example, per capita consumption of domestic water in Iran is 220 liters per day, while, this standard for world is only 75 liters. This shows that the amount of water consumption is a social problem in Iran. While in response to energy crisis many management strategies have been proposed, the fundamental solution in water crisis is saving. We try to review saving in water consumption in terms of various theoretical approaches, and consider the relationship between responsibility and tendency towards water consumption in particular.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18309_6708241919d1c68073f859d64f3f672f.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622Prosocial Behaviors and Altruism among Citizens of IsfahanProsocial Behaviors and Altruism among Citizens of Isfahan20122018310FAArmitaNooienPh.D Student of Psychology, University of Isfahan, IranMohammad BagherKajbafAssociat Professor, Department of psychology, University of Isfahan, IranMehrnooshForoudastanPh.D Student of Psychology, Unversity of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614People live in groups and by cooperating with each other they obtain various benefits. Because life condition is dangerous and unpredictable, cooperation and partnership for survival is very valuable (Haynde, 2001). Indeed, the material and spiritual life of each society is dependent on the existence of people who have internalized moral values and try to serve others by prosocial behaviors. Stable people who are less affected by situations and conditions, may behave more according to their own moral values and standards, enjoying a high level of shared responsibility (Schuvartz, 1976). Shared responsibility is a valuable, protective and helpful behavior for people or groups which is based on commitment (Tome, 1999, Schuvartz, 1994) and includes different moral and actual aspects and considers the outcomes of every single act. Human beings react responsibly when they act according to moral perspectives and accepts that are responsible for outcomes of their actions (Avhagen, 2001). We define prosocial behavior in terms of four clear aspects including putting ourselves in others' place conceptionally, socially and emotionally. Beside these three points, moral reasoning is added as a conceptual scale in this study. Paying attention to others, social responsibility and piety can be summarized as paying attention to other's issues more than one's issues. Previous studies show that people who help others have high internal control standards and value moral commitments more than others (Emler, 1974). Altruism, as a type of prosocial behavior stems from, like responsibility, internal standards and sympathy. During the course of history a great number of people have defended their countries and made great sacrifices for defending their homelands, but history does not remember any period like the 8-year war between Iran and Iraq in which Iranian soldiers defended borders of their country and its religious authority in such a courageous way that is unprecedented, without any kind of compromise (Salmani 2008). It was a defense which has essentially shown high levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors not just in words but in practice. The purpose of this research is to study the amount of prosocial behaviors and levels of moral reasoning among two groups of veterans and released war prisoners of this holy defense war. People live in groups and by cooperating with each other they obtain various benefits. Because life condition is dangerous and unpredictable, cooperation and partnership for survival is very valuable (Haynde, 2001). Indeed, the material and spiritual life of each society is dependent on the existence of people who have internalized moral values and try to serve others by prosocial behaviors. Stable people who are less affected by situations and conditions, may behave more according to their own moral values and standards, enjoying a high level of shared responsibility (Schuvartz, 1976). Shared responsibility is a valuable, protective and helpful behavior for people or groups which is based on commitment (Tome, 1999, Schuvartz, 1994) and includes different moral and actual aspects and considers the outcomes of every single act. Human beings react responsibly when they act according to moral perspectives and accepts that are responsible for outcomes of their actions (Avhagen, 2001). We define prosocial behavior in terms of four clear aspects including putting ourselves in others' place conceptionally, socially and emotionally. Beside these three points, moral reasoning is added as a conceptual scale in this study. Paying attention to others, social responsibility and piety can be summarized as paying attention to other's issues more than one's issues. Previous studies show that people who help others have high internal control standards and value moral commitments more than others (Emler, 1974). Altruism, as a type of prosocial behavior stems from, like responsibility, internal standards and sympathy. During the course of history a great number of people have defended their countries and made great sacrifices for defending their homelands, but history does not remember any period like the 8-year war between Iran and Iraq in which Iranian soldiers defended borders of their country and its religious authority in such a courageous way that is unprecedented, without any kind of compromise (Salmani 2008). It was a defense which has essentially shown high levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors not just in words but in practice. The purpose of this research is to study the amount of prosocial behaviors and levels of moral reasoning among two groups of veterans and released war prisoners of this holy defense war. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18310_a9cb2ca6b12f573a0729c5c9c33abad8.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574524220130622Social and Cultural Factors Influencing Family Violence in TabrizSocial and Cultural Factors Influencing Family Violence in Tabriz22123318311FASiroosFakhraeeAssisant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor of MaraghehBehnamBashiri KhatibiM.A. Graduate of Sociology, Islamic Azad University of TabrizJournal Article20160614The purpose of the present research is to investigate and identify the effect of demographic, economic, social, and cultural factors in describing family violence. In other words, in this research an attempt is made to answer the question "Why is violent behavior seen in some families? " Therefore, the research hypotheses have been based on three theoretical perspectives of social psychology; i.e., the psychoanalytic approach, the behavioristic approach, and cognitive approach as well as the previous studies in order to describe family violence. The data needed for testing the hypotheses were collected through a questionnaire and probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) from a sample of 384 persons in Tabriz. The exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize the factors related to family violence, and cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the items. In order to test the hypotheses, pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test, and one-way variance analysis were used. Finally, to show the social factors affecting family violence, multiple regerssion was used. The results obtained from the research indicate that family violence has a significant relation with the family type, marriage type, socio-economic status, job status, level of education, age, and religious beliefs.The purpose of the present research is to investigate and identify the effect of demographic, economic, social, and cultural factors in describing family violence. In other words, in this research an attempt is made to answer the question "Why is violent behavior seen in some families? " Therefore, the research hypotheses have been based on three theoretical perspectives of social psychology; i.e., the psychoanalytic approach, the behavioristic approach, and cognitive approach as well as the previous studies in order to describe family violence. The data needed for testing the hypotheses were collected through a questionnaire and probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) from a sample of 384 persons in Tabriz. The exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize the factors related to family violence, and cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the items. In order to test the hypotheses, pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test, and one-way variance analysis were used. Finally, to show the social factors affecting family violence, multiple regerssion was used. The results obtained from the research indicate that family violence has a significant relation with the family type, marriage type, socio-economic status, job status, level of education, age, and religious beliefs.https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18311_dac2bddb2686ac87b2da7bb1178f8291.pdf