University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 A Contrastive Analysis of Ethnic Identity in Iran and Lebanon A Contrastive Analysis of Ethnic Identity in Iran and Lebanon 1 15 18396 FA Armin Amir Zahra Iravani Ebrahim Hajiani Journal Article 2016 06 14   Introduction   Ethnic identity is a level of collective identity that can correlated and consolidating a group of people that has a geographical, lingual, historical, racial and religious similarities with eachother. The issue of ethnic and religious plurality of countries, variance and variety of cults, Ethnic and religious minorities has extreme importance and is the most important tool for aliens colonial (Asariannejad, quotes Ahmadipour and others, 1391:45). Ethnic identity and its aggravation is one of important social problems in multiethnic countries because it has a close relation with national cohesion. Ethnic identity aggravation cause each ethnic which is more powerful than the others one not distribute the resources under their control(Navah and Taghavinasab, 1388:65). Due to cultural plurality and Multiethnicity of Iran and Lebanon also close relations and great interest between the two countries and common terms sociopolitical, main question in this article is that if there is a meaningful difference between the rate of ethnic identity tendency among Iranian and Lebanon students?     Material & Methods   This study is survey research and use questionnaire technique in order to data collect. The sampling method is quota sampling. Statistical society includes Iranian students belong to four major ethnicity of Tork, Kord, Lor and Fars in Tehran universities and Lebanese students belong to four ethnicity of Druze, sunni, shia and Maruni Christian in Beirut universities. The volume of students simple in each country is 400 people. In Iran ethnics ratio is: Fars 50%, Tork 25%, Kord 10% and Lor8%(Ghamari, 1384:182). Ethnics ratio in Lebanon is: Maronite 18%, sunni 24%, shia 27% and Druze6%(Taheri,1388:118). The volume simple for each ethnics in Iran and Lebanon is: in Iran Fars(108 men, 107women), Tork(54 men, 53 women), Kord(22 men, 21 women), Lor(18 men, 17 women). In Lebanon Maronite Christian (48 men, 48 women),sunni (64 men, 64 women), Druze(16 men, 16 women), Shia(72 men, 72 women).     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   Hypothesis 1: it seems that ethnic identity among Iran and Lebanon students has a meaningful difference.   Based on the comparison of average variable among students in Iran and Lebanon, may conclude that the rate of ethnic identity of Lebanese students is higher than the Iranian students.   Hypothesis 2: it seems that relation of ethnic identify with National identify, globalization and Culture of tolerance among Iran and Lebanon in comparison with each other include meaningful difference.   Ethnic identity in Iran has reverse relationaship with national identity while Lebanese ethnic identity has a direct relationship. Ethnic identity relation with globalization variables and Culture of tolerance in each country has accumulative orientation.   In each country, Iran and Lebanon, growing of students culture of tolerance rate has direct relationship with their ethnic identity. This finding is match with viewpoint of Robertson,Castells and Giddenz.   National identity among Iranian students has reverse relationship with their ethnic identity that corresponded with Finneylinear approach.   Also national identity among Lebanese students has positive relationship with their ethnic identity that consistent with Finney’s non-linear approach.   Introduction   Ethnic identity is a level of collective identity that can correlated and consolidating a group of people that has a geographical, lingual, historical, racial and religious similarities with eachother. The issue of ethnic and religious plurality of countries, variance and variety of cults, Ethnic and religious minorities has extreme importance and is the most important tool for aliens colonial (Asariannejad, quotes Ahmadipour and others, 1391:45). Ethnic identity and its aggravation is one of important social problems in multiethnic countries because it has a close relation with national cohesion. Ethnic identity aggravation cause each ethnic which is more powerful than the others one not distribute the resources under their control(Navah and Taghavinasab, 1388:65). Due to cultural plurality and Multiethnicity of Iran and Lebanon also close relations and great interest between the two countries and common terms sociopolitical, main question in this article is that if there is a meaningful difference between the rate of ethnic identity tendency among Iranian and Lebanon students?     Material & Methods   This study is survey research and use questionnaire technique in order to data collect. The sampling method is quota sampling. Statistical society includes Iranian students belong to four major ethnicity of Tork, Kord, Lor and Fars in Tehran universities and Lebanese students belong to four ethnicity of Druze, sunni, shia and Maruni Christian in Beirut universities. The volume of students simple in each country is 400 people. In Iran ethnics ratio is: Fars 50%, Tork 25%, Kord 10% and Lor8%(Ghamari, 1384:182). Ethnics ratio in Lebanon is: Maronite 18%, sunni 24%, shia 27% and Druze6%(Taheri,1388:118). The volume simple for each ethnics in Iran and Lebanon is: in Iran Fars(108 men, 107women), Tork(54 men, 53 women), Kord(22 men, 21 women), Lor(18 men, 17 women). In Lebanon Maronite Christian (48 men, 48 women),sunni (64 men, 64 women), Druze(16 men, 16 women), Shia(72 men, 72 women).     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   Hypothesis 1: it seems that ethnic identity among Iran and Lebanon students has a meaningful difference.   Based on the comparison of average variable among students in Iran and Lebanon, may conclude that the rate of ethnic identity of Lebanese students is higher than the Iranian students.   Hypothesis 2: it seems that relation of ethnic identify with National identify, globalization and Culture of tolerance among Iran and Lebanon in comparison with each other include meaningful difference.   Ethnic identity in Iran has reverse relationaship with national identity while Lebanese ethnic identity has a direct relationship. Ethnic identity relation with globalization variables and Culture of tolerance in each country has accumulative orientation.   In each country, Iran and Lebanon, growing of students culture of tolerance rate has direct relationship with their ethnic identity. This finding is match with viewpoint of Robertson,Castells and Giddenz.   National identity among Iranian students has reverse relationship with their ethnic identity that corresponded with Finneylinear approach.   Also national identity among Lebanese students has positive relationship with their ethnic identity that consistent with Finney’s non-linear approach. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18396_285f79db7ce9aafdea245230915c9f2a.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Study of the influence of the Religiosity on the Electoral Behavior of Isfahan Citizens With Emphasis on Religious Democracy Study of the influence of the Religiosity on the Electoral Behavior of Isfahan Citizens With Emphasis on Religious Democracy 17 40 18395 FA Behjat Yazdkhasti Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran Ali Rabbani Khorasgani Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran Zahra Sadat Keshavarz Journal Article 2016 06 14   Introduction   Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. This research has been in order to determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan. Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville and Schools in this area. Election is important democratic political structure for making format is considered The Islamic Republic is based on the theory of religious democracy, direct and indirect ways of people effect for making power organization is predicted. With attention of Religion role’s in political participate in general case and in specific case in Islamic republic shows of much effect of and potential of Religiosity in different election. Investigation of electoral behavior is an important era in political sociology nowadays. Knowing why people vote in a special way and have a special trends in an election is on of issues in this field. Elections in Iran, with about a hundred year history, the greatest symbol of political and social movements play a role in determining the fate of the country is elected. By studying the characteristics and behavioral patterns of elections and electoral behavior are revealed. Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. Propose of this study is diagnosing the effect of Religiosity on behavior on people of Isfahan in election with emphasis on Religious democracy, study on new theories on this subject, making Hypothesis on theory of Research on effect of Religiosity on election and test them, describe situation in this communication and application effect on behavior in election and finding answer for this problem for planning political participation. In the other words this research has been in order to Determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan .     Material & Methods   Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, in frame of Sociology theory and other theory (Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville) on this major has been studied and theory our research extracted. The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)). Also the structural equation modeling study is represent data confirm with the theoretical framework of research.   The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula is calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients.   Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.   Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)).     Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.   Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.     Introduction   Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. This research has been in order to determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan. Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville and Schools in this area. Election is important democratic political structure for making format is considered The Islamic Republic is based on the theory of religious democracy, direct and indirect ways of people effect for making power organization is predicted. With attention of Religion role’s in political participate in general case and in specific case in Islamic republic shows of much effect of and potential of Religiosity in different election. Investigation of electoral behavior is an important era in political sociology nowadays. Knowing why people vote in a special way and have a special trends in an election is on of issues in this field. Elections in Iran, with about a hundred year history, the greatest symbol of political and social movements play a role in determining the fate of the country is elected. By studying the characteristics and behavioral patterns of elections and electoral behavior are revealed. Electoral behavior is a Two-dimensional component that Supervision to how Conduct candidates and method of election of voters that have voting Conditions. Propose of this study is diagnosing the effect of Religiosity on behavior on people of Isfahan in election with emphasis on Religious democracy, study on new theories on this subject, making Hypothesis on theory of Research on effect of Religiosity on election and test them, describe situation in this communication and application effect on behavior in election and finding answer for this problem for planning political participation. In the other words this research has been in order to Determination the relationship between religion and voting behavior among citizens of Esfahan .     Material & Methods   Theoretical frameworks of research were studied on Fitness Thread, in frame of Sociology theory and other theory (Theories of Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville) on this major has been studied and theory our research extracted. The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients. The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)). Also the structural equation modeling study is represent data confirm with the theoretical framework of research.   The research method in this study is Library and Survey Method and for field data collection is used Questionnaire. The study sample of research is obtained by Citizens over 18 years of 14 areas of Esfahan in 1391 that 384 person by the Cochran formula is calculated. For Data Analysis is used of Statistical tests of Central dispersion indices, t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple correlation coefficients.   Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.   Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   The results show that most influential has been aspect of religious belief with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.89), and more been aspect of religious belief with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.71 (*)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of Participation of Electoral Behavior (r=0.58 (**)), Ritualistic dimension of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.47 (*)) and Empirical dimensions of religiosity with aspect of voting trends in electoral behavior (r=0.16 (**)).     Research titled the relationship between religiosity and participation in the election was conducted, prepared regarding this hypothesis: Higher levels of religiosity leads to greater participation in elections. Argument of present study was that considering the religious conditions in the political system in Iran, Those with higher levels of religiosity are most participate in elections to effectuation of a religious political system and the results of this study also reinforces the argument. Thus, Approved both hypothetically in this research and the results corresponded well with the theoretical apparatus.   Finally, it is recommended that electoral behavior measured in the broader surfaces of said, including the level of activity in the design and its relationship with religiosity. According to type of sampling, renewed research is worthy pursuit with probability sampling in the multi-population.   https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18395_3697cd75396adf7243055d29972b660c.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Qualitative Study of Agents’ Perception on Social Humiliation Qualitative Study of Agents’ Perception on Social Humiliation 41 58 18399 FA Soheila Sadeghi Fassaei Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran Narmin Nikdel M.A in Sociology, University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />Social humiliation is one of the problems which sometimes occurred attentively and sometimes inattentively during communication. Increasing statistics on psychological problems and social consequences could drag our attention toward a new problem in the field of pathology and raise new questions about humiliation which have been ignored for long time. The object of this paper is to map the conceptual space of humiliation understood as an emotion and a social process occurring within a network of social relationships. The word humiliation has its roots in the Latin word humus, earth. This entails a spatial orientation, a downward orientation, literally a ‘de-gradation.’ ‘Ned-verdigelse’ (Norwegian), ‘Er-niedrig-ung’ (German) and ‘a-baisse-ment’ (French) all mean ‘de-gradation.’ All these words are built on the same spatial, orientational metaphor1 that places itself within a framework of relations. Analysis of the etymology of the word humiliation thus shows that at its core is the sense of a ‘downward push (linder, 2000, 2).’The term is synonymous with notions such as humiliation laughing losing face, being made to feel like a fool, feeling foolish, Hurt, Disgraced, Indignity, Debased, Denigrated, Dishonored, Disrespected, dis'ed, Defamed, Humbled, Scorned, Slighted, Slurred,Shamed, Mortified,Rejected ,being laughed at (Klein, 1991: 4). We believe that humiliation is a universal human experience however, the particularities of this experience can only be understood within the social, cultural, and historical context in which these events occur. Humiliation appears in countless forms. It can be (1) an internal experience (e.g., a feeling, an emotion), (2) an external event (e.g., a degrading interpersonal interaction, bullying, abuse, violent conflict, even genocide), or (3) system-ic social conditions (e.g., intractable poverty, discrimination, forced dislo-cation),( Hartling, Lindner, Spalthoff and Britton, 2013: 56). the victimis placed in a situation that feels as small and dignity, character and pride,he has been hurt (Leander, 2001:46). Humiliation and responses to humiliation can have destructive implications at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels (e.g. Hartling, Rosen, Walker, & Jordan, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2006). Humiliation takes an active part in a large scope of situations that people encounter during life, from extreme (e.g. war related conflicts) to ordinary ones (e.g. at work and academic institutes) (Fisk, 2001 Lindner, 2002 Smith, 2001 Uitto, 2011). Because humiliation is believed to be related to anger and aggression, both inward and outward directed, it can lead to retaliation and revengeful behavior, but also to avoidance and withdrawal from the situation (Elison & Harter, 2007 Jackson, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2002 Miller, 1988). Humiliation generally leads to unconstructive behaviors to resolve a conflict. This is how humiliation contributes to the enduring nature of conflicts (Goldman & Coleman, 2005 Lindner, 2002). The present research investigated various dimensions of this question of humiliation and social actors in terms of what types of experiences are examples of humiliation? Evidence shows that Humiliation entailing grave consequences for individuals, families and society. Humiliation is traumatic and injury mechanism, because the production process does not end solely to the original space and constantly reproduced in various forms. Although qualitative interviews with a limited number of subjects does not generalize to the population, but also the deep layers and expose this phenomenon in the context of future studies to provide greater levels. <br /> <br /> <br />Methods and Materials <br />Using qualitative method, the current study attempts to apply semi-structured interviews with 40 men and women in Tehran in order to examine the perception of participants toward humiliation based on their lived experiences and their narrative. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or "themes") within data.Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question. The themes become the categories for analysis.[Thematic analysis is performed through the process of coding in six phases to create established, meaningful patterns. These phases are: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report.We selected the most appropriate method to the research question. The method of analysis should be driven by both theoretical assumptions and the research questions and provides a flexible method of data analysis and allows for researchers with various methodological backgrounds to engage in this type of analysis. Reliability with this method was a concern because of the wide variety of interpretations that arise from the themes, as well as applying themes to large amounts of text. In order to Increasing reliability multiple researchers were coding simultaneously. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusion <br />In terms of the subjective intended meaning of the participants, 4 different type of humiliation are goal related (a type of humiliating relationships that humilator done the act of humiliation with a specific goal of reducing, scorning &…) power related(this kind of humiliation occur when victim is on the lower statue than humilator. For example boss in related with his/her staffs or teachers in related with students), neglect related (despite of other kind of humiliation, this is an unintended interaction which a person who labeled humilator is innocent and humiliated person think that humiliation was intentional) and dishonored related (when humilator was a victim of humiliation in somewhere in the past and present) humiliation. According to the findings extracted from analyzing the interviews, the examples of humiliations varies on the basis of the goals and the frames which humiliation raised in and it could be classified in two types including verbal (like applying bad words, mocking and poking fun at) and non-verbal (direct and indirect). Diversity and complexity of interaction between people make a porous kind of conceptualization about the concept of actions so it made humiliation like a fixed element of realationships. Accordingly, finding of present research is just the beginning and needs to wide and pervasive study. Introduction <br />Social humiliation is one of the problems which sometimes occurred attentively and sometimes inattentively during communication. Increasing statistics on psychological problems and social consequences could drag our attention toward a new problem in the field of pathology and raise new questions about humiliation which have been ignored for long time. The object of this paper is to map the conceptual space of humiliation understood as an emotion and a social process occurring within a network of social relationships. The word humiliation has its roots in the Latin word humus, earth. This entails a spatial orientation, a downward orientation, literally a ‘de-gradation.’ ‘Ned-verdigelse’ (Norwegian), ‘Er-niedrig-ung’ (German) and ‘a-baisse-ment’ (French) all mean ‘de-gradation.’ All these words are built on the same spatial, orientational metaphor1 that places itself within a framework of relations. Analysis of the etymology of the word humiliation thus shows that at its core is the sense of a ‘downward push (linder, 2000, 2).’The term is synonymous with notions such as humiliation laughing losing face, being made to feel like a fool, feeling foolish, Hurt, Disgraced, Indignity, Debased, Denigrated, Dishonored, Disrespected, dis'ed, Defamed, Humbled, Scorned, Slighted, Slurred,Shamed, Mortified,Rejected ,being laughed at (Klein, 1991: 4). We believe that humiliation is a universal human experience however, the particularities of this experience can only be understood within the social, cultural, and historical context in which these events occur. Humiliation appears in countless forms. It can be (1) an internal experience (e.g., a feeling, an emotion), (2) an external event (e.g., a degrading interpersonal interaction, bullying, abuse, violent conflict, even genocide), or (3) system-ic social conditions (e.g., intractable poverty, discrimination, forced dislo-cation),( Hartling, Lindner, Spalthoff and Britton, 2013: 56). the victimis placed in a situation that feels as small and dignity, character and pride,he has been hurt (Leander, 2001:46). Humiliation and responses to humiliation can have destructive implications at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels (e.g. Hartling, Rosen, Walker, & Jordan, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2006). Humiliation takes an active part in a large scope of situations that people encounter during life, from extreme (e.g. war related conflicts) to ordinary ones (e.g. at work and academic institutes) (Fisk, 2001 Lindner, 2002 Smith, 2001 Uitto, 2011). Because humiliation is believed to be related to anger and aggression, both inward and outward directed, it can lead to retaliation and revengeful behavior, but also to avoidance and withdrawal from the situation (Elison & Harter, 2007 Jackson, 2000 Klein, 1991 Lindner, 2002 Miller, 1988). Humiliation generally leads to unconstructive behaviors to resolve a conflict. This is how humiliation contributes to the enduring nature of conflicts (Goldman & Coleman, 2005 Lindner, 2002). The present research investigated various dimensions of this question of humiliation and social actors in terms of what types of experiences are examples of humiliation? Evidence shows that Humiliation entailing grave consequences for individuals, families and society. Humiliation is traumatic and injury mechanism, because the production process does not end solely to the original space and constantly reproduced in various forms. Although qualitative interviews with a limited number of subjects does not generalize to the population, but also the deep layers and expose this phenomenon in the context of future studies to provide greater levels. <br /> <br /> <br />Methods and Materials <br />Using qualitative method, the current study attempts to apply semi-structured interviews with 40 men and women in Tehran in order to examine the perception of participants toward humiliation based on their lived experiences and their narrative. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or "themes") within data.Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question. The themes become the categories for analysis.[Thematic analysis is performed through the process of coding in six phases to create established, meaningful patterns. These phases are: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report.We selected the most appropriate method to the research question. The method of analysis should be driven by both theoretical assumptions and the research questions and provides a flexible method of data analysis and allows for researchers with various methodological backgrounds to engage in this type of analysis. Reliability with this method was a concern because of the wide variety of interpretations that arise from the themes, as well as applying themes to large amounts of text. In order to Increasing reliability multiple researchers were coding simultaneously. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusion <br />In terms of the subjective intended meaning of the participants, 4 different type of humiliation are goal related (a type of humiliating relationships that humilator done the act of humiliation with a specific goal of reducing, scorning &…) power related(this kind of humiliation occur when victim is on the lower statue than humilator. For example boss in related with his/her staffs or teachers in related with students), neglect related (despite of other kind of humiliation, this is an unintended interaction which a person who labeled humilator is innocent and humiliated person think that humiliation was intentional) and dishonored related (when humilator was a victim of humiliation in somewhere in the past and present) humiliation. According to the findings extracted from analyzing the interviews, the examples of humiliations varies on the basis of the goals and the frames which humiliation raised in and it could be classified in two types including verbal (like applying bad words, mocking and poking fun at) and non-verbal (direct and indirect). Diversity and complexity of interaction between people make a porous kind of conceptualization about the concept of actions so it made humiliation like a fixed element of realationships. Accordingly, finding of present research is just the beginning and needs to wide and pervasive study. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18399_fe5688fc82a2382d7c97c460139b1123.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 The Matic Analysis of Stereotypical Thoughts Regarding Ethnicity (The Case of Students at the University of Isfahan) The Matic Analysis of Stereotypical Thoughts Regarding Ethnicity (The Case of Students at the University of Isfahan) 59 76 18404 FA Masoud Kianpour Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran Lida Nasseri MA. in Sociology, University of Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />Due to its climate conditions and strategic location, Iran has been a path for crossing different ethnic groups and tribes as well as a place of interaction among different cultures with diverse ethnic backgrounds during history. Ethnicity shows the way of belonging to a group and includes knowledge of historical roots and common traditions. In Iran, ethnic diversity and heterogeneity has sometimes reduced social integrity, particularly in the era of nation-state and nationalism. On the other hand, Iranian national character has provided a possibility for migratory and invasive cultures to merge with each other and be adjusted to new circumstances, appropriate to Iranian culture. May it is because of this reason that we can see different ethnic groups with specific behaviors, morality, beliefs and ideologies common within that group, coexisting in the cultural system and social structure of Iran. Considering the fact that ethnic judgments stem from attitudes towards these groups, studying and investigating them can help knowing cognitive biases people have with regard to ethnicity. After all, our aim is to eliminate stereotypical thoughts based on ethnic discrimination so we can also move towards the elimination of barriers on the path of fair distribution of national wealth and facilities. One of the important elements of realizing national development and reinforcement of social coordination is the existence of a space in which different ethnic groups can have respectful interactions with one another, in spite of differences among them. Accordingly, research subjects in this study include students living in dormitories of the University of Isfahan because the ethnic diversity in these dormitories is rich. Thus it would be possible to find students belonging to different ethnic groups from across the country. To sum up, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the stereotypical thoughts and attitudes of university students related to different Iranian ethnic groups with a qualitative approach. <br /> <br /> <br />Materials & Methods <br />The present study is conducted in a hermeneutic / interpretative research paradigm, using a qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is semi-structured interviews using an interview guide, i.e. a list of questions which are followed in a particular sequence, but in case of raising attractive and suitable points during interviews, the interviewer has freedom to ask unpredicted further questions. The method of sampling is purposive sampling with maximum diversity and heterogeneity. In this strategy, the researcher starts by identifying individuals who have information related to the research topic and are called the informed, and then similar individuals are selected purposively in such a way that all individuals enter the research in a sequence or in terms of one or several dimensions. One of the reasons of using this method is that nobody can claim that the researcher has not considered particular types of cases. The process of sampling in qualitative research usually continues as far as new interviews cannot add to previous information and the researcher observes repetitive patterns of data. In addition, data analysis is based on thematic analysis in which coding process continues in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. In the present study, ethnic diversity includes 6 groups (Lor, Fars, Tork, Arab, and Baloch). The process of sampling continued up to 30 cases and then, the researchers observed theoretical data saturation. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusions <br />In spite of the ethnic diversity of Iran, the people of this land have represented a kind of national integrity and collective idea. Along this national integrity, which is one of the most important factors of survival in each crisis, Iranian national identity has evolved. Yet, there are some specific differences among different ethnic groups. The results of the study show that ethnic autonomy, attitudinal ambivalence, and stereotypical thoughts may lead to a kind of ethnic exclusiveness whose result is the emphasis of each of different ethnic groups on their own particular characteristics and defining an integrated ethnic identity with emphasis on inter-ethnic priority while representing some cliché and stereotypical thoughts about other ethnic groups. On the other hand, showing respect towards other ethnic groups, the existence of several types of ethnic integrity and interethnic relations, and considering ethnic jokes obscene or morally wrong, are a second category of codes, leading us to think of a kind of ethnic diversity. Therefore, it is possible to talk of ethnic exclusiveness and ethnic diversity at the same time among subjects interviewed in this study. We suggest that for eliminating the barriers of ethnic discrimination and injustice, and creating a justice-oriented society in which each ethnic group can utilize national facilities and actualize its own potentiality, in addition to cherish and respect unique ethnic features, we should educate people about the benefits of ethnic diversity and pluralism from as early as within the families and during school years. After all, these are the institutions in which socialization takes place. Certainly, these fateful childhood years shape one's identity. Children should be taught a kind of attitude that says all people in this society belong to a single nation as a whole. In addition, the critical task of the government is to create an appropriate ground and fair access to national resources for full participation of everybody so that no member of ethnic groups feel deprived of national resources and no flaw hit the sense of national identity. Introduction <br />Due to its climate conditions and strategic location, Iran has been a path for crossing different ethnic groups and tribes as well as a place of interaction among different cultures with diverse ethnic backgrounds during history. Ethnicity shows the way of belonging to a group and includes knowledge of historical roots and common traditions. In Iran, ethnic diversity and heterogeneity has sometimes reduced social integrity, particularly in the era of nation-state and nationalism. On the other hand, Iranian national character has provided a possibility for migratory and invasive cultures to merge with each other and be adjusted to new circumstances, appropriate to Iranian culture. May it is because of this reason that we can see different ethnic groups with specific behaviors, morality, beliefs and ideologies common within that group, coexisting in the cultural system and social structure of Iran. Considering the fact that ethnic judgments stem from attitudes towards these groups, studying and investigating them can help knowing cognitive biases people have with regard to ethnicity. After all, our aim is to eliminate stereotypical thoughts based on ethnic discrimination so we can also move towards the elimination of barriers on the path of fair distribution of national wealth and facilities. One of the important elements of realizing national development and reinforcement of social coordination is the existence of a space in which different ethnic groups can have respectful interactions with one another, in spite of differences among them. Accordingly, research subjects in this study include students living in dormitories of the University of Isfahan because the ethnic diversity in these dormitories is rich. Thus it would be possible to find students belonging to different ethnic groups from across the country. To sum up, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the stereotypical thoughts and attitudes of university students related to different Iranian ethnic groups with a qualitative approach. <br /> <br /> <br />Materials & Methods <br />The present study is conducted in a hermeneutic / interpretative research paradigm, using a qualitative methodology. The method of data collection is semi-structured interviews using an interview guide, i.e. a list of questions which are followed in a particular sequence, but in case of raising attractive and suitable points during interviews, the interviewer has freedom to ask unpredicted further questions. The method of sampling is purposive sampling with maximum diversity and heterogeneity. In this strategy, the researcher starts by identifying individuals who have information related to the research topic and are called the informed, and then similar individuals are selected purposively in such a way that all individuals enter the research in a sequence or in terms of one or several dimensions. One of the reasons of using this method is that nobody can claim that the researcher has not considered particular types of cases. The process of sampling in qualitative research usually continues as far as new interviews cannot add to previous information and the researcher observes repetitive patterns of data. In addition, data analysis is based on thematic analysis in which coding process continues in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. In the present study, ethnic diversity includes 6 groups (Lor, Fars, Tork, Arab, and Baloch). The process of sampling continued up to 30 cases and then, the researchers observed theoretical data saturation. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusions <br />In spite of the ethnic diversity of Iran, the people of this land have represented a kind of national integrity and collective idea. Along this national integrity, which is one of the most important factors of survival in each crisis, Iranian national identity has evolved. Yet, there are some specific differences among different ethnic groups. The results of the study show that ethnic autonomy, attitudinal ambivalence, and stereotypical thoughts may lead to a kind of ethnic exclusiveness whose result is the emphasis of each of different ethnic groups on their own particular characteristics and defining an integrated ethnic identity with emphasis on inter-ethnic priority while representing some cliché and stereotypical thoughts about other ethnic groups. On the other hand, showing respect towards other ethnic groups, the existence of several types of ethnic integrity and interethnic relations, and considering ethnic jokes obscene or morally wrong, are a second category of codes, leading us to think of a kind of ethnic diversity. Therefore, it is possible to talk of ethnic exclusiveness and ethnic diversity at the same time among subjects interviewed in this study. We suggest that for eliminating the barriers of ethnic discrimination and injustice, and creating a justice-oriented society in which each ethnic group can utilize national facilities and actualize its own potentiality, in addition to cherish and respect unique ethnic features, we should educate people about the benefits of ethnic diversity and pluralism from as early as within the families and during school years. After all, these are the institutions in which socialization takes place. Certainly, these fateful childhood years shape one's identity. Children should be taught a kind of attitude that says all people in this society belong to a single nation as a whole. In addition, the critical task of the government is to create an appropriate ground and fair access to national resources for full participation of everybody so that no member of ethnic groups feel deprived of national resources and no flaw hit the sense of national identity. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18404_839a9e4195827c23af447cc22cd406f0.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 The Impact of Feeling Gender Inequality on Social Capital at Isfahan Educated Women The Impact of Feeling Gender Inequality on Social Capital at Isfahan Educated Women 77 90 18394 FA Zohreh Rahnamafalavarjani M.A. Sociology, Islamic Azad University of Dehaghan, Iran Mojdeh Kiyani Assistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Payame Noor University, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />Increasing educational levels, entering to the employment field, increasing the level of awareness and Women's participation in social fields are factors that cause they feel and believe to be unequal terms in society, the feeling that can affect the opportunities and social fields as cultural goods, economical and social that named social Capital. This study aims at the investigation of how the feeling of gender inequity affects the educated women's social capital situations in Esfahan. The theoretical variables and parameters of this study have been based on Chafetz, Bourdiu 's theories. The method of the research is survey and its instrument for data collection is valid and reliable questionnaires which the researcher has designed them. The population of the study is women with BA, MA and PH.D degrees in six areas of fourteen areas of Esfahan city. Its sample contains 385 people calculated by Cranach's alpha formula. Applying SPSS software to examine hypotheses and data analysis uses correlation coefficient, and regression. The result of this study showed significant relationship between the feeling of social inequity, the feeling of family inequity and the feeling of economical inequity and social capital. <br /> <br /> <br />Methods and Material <br />The present study is a survey. collected data using a questionnaire. Depletion of the Women has bachelors, masters, doctorate in the sample. The population of the city is well-educated women, for women, educated women, Bachelors, Masters and PhD are done according to the last census of 58,556 people are officially in 2007, women with evidence sample of the study was all bachelor, Master and doctor of the city in districts 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, studied statistical sample consists of six districts of three areas: north, center and south of the city as an example for the upper class, middle and low. According to Cochran's formula about 385 have been identified. <br />In this study, probability sampling method used and the techniques of probability sampling is random sampling was used. In the first stage of sampling in this study were randomly selected 6 of the 14 districts of the city and is convenient to the quota. The independent variable in this study felt gender inequality, varying background, and socio- demographic characteristics the dependent variable is the state of social capital. For analysis of four felt sense of gender inequality, social injustice, economic inequality feeling, a sense of political injustice, inequality, family feel and is used for analysis of the four dimensions of social capital, social network, social trust, social support and social integrity is used. <br /> <br />Discussion of Result and Conclusions <br />Studying women's issues is one of the challenges of women's studies scholars, sociologists and other scholars of social sciences and humanities. Gender is social and cultural characteristics of sex, the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards opportunities between women and men in society. The overall feeling is a feeling of unequal gender inequality between men and women refers to facilities and opportunities, Women in an unequal position in social capital are those which have fewer opportunities to use the social life and Taking advantage of the resources and mobility and career success Gender segregation in diverse areas of opportunity and the chance to meet and interact with different people to join the community of women is ssues have always been one of the most important issues . <br />Industrialization and modernization issues with communities to increase opportunities for women in education and enter the labor market and social participation is associated. Ignoring women's issues has caused a huge waste of energy and ability of society. This is due to the theory that the origin Chafetz the origin of gender rate inequality sense of gender inequality and stereotypical beliefs knows, and Bourdiu that inequality in society is the product of inequality in access to different types of capital. By examining aspects of gender inequality in the sense of feeling a sense of injustice at the highest levels of economic inequality and social injustice felt in a political family and had the lowest sense of gender inequality, social capital dimensions and components show Dimensions of social trust, social support, social network, higher levels of social capital among educated women have and also between the dimensions of social networks and social support are low. The results of the relationship between social inequality and feelings of social capital, family relationships, feelings of inequality and social capital, as well as the relationship between economic inequality and feelings of social capital is significant, Get these results suggest that changes in the alignment of their beliefs Chafetz demographic, technological, political and economic changes in the community can lead to gender inequality. Based on the results of the relationship between inequality and political sense social capital is not significant, view theorists like Bourdiu and Chaftz get this result does not explain. According to the results, the relationship between demographic variables (age, marital status, employment status, income, education, and socioeconomic status) and social capital is not significant. Lack of relationship between demographic variables and social capital suggests that women of different ages, single and married, with different socio-economic base (education at undergraduate, graduate and PhD, as well as having an extremely private jobs and government of income) of social capital are the same. <br />Significant after only a sense of gender inequality based on multivariate regression analysis, the sense of social inequality and social capital, indicating it is felt that the social dimension of gender inequality, an important and decisive role in shaping women's social capital is. Introduction <br />Increasing educational levels, entering to the employment field, increasing the level of awareness and Women's participation in social fields are factors that cause they feel and believe to be unequal terms in society, the feeling that can affect the opportunities and social fields as cultural goods, economical and social that named social Capital. This study aims at the investigation of how the feeling of gender inequity affects the educated women's social capital situations in Esfahan. The theoretical variables and parameters of this study have been based on Chafetz, Bourdiu 's theories. The method of the research is survey and its instrument for data collection is valid and reliable questionnaires which the researcher has designed them. The population of the study is women with BA, MA and PH.D degrees in six areas of fourteen areas of Esfahan city. Its sample contains 385 people calculated by Cranach's alpha formula. Applying SPSS software to examine hypotheses and data analysis uses correlation coefficient, and regression. The result of this study showed significant relationship between the feeling of social inequity, the feeling of family inequity and the feeling of economical inequity and social capital. <br /> <br /> <br />Methods and Material <br />The present study is a survey. collected data using a questionnaire. Depletion of the Women has bachelors, masters, doctorate in the sample. The population of the city is well-educated women, for women, educated women, Bachelors, Masters and PhD are done according to the last census of 58,556 people are officially in 2007, women with evidence sample of the study was all bachelor, Master and doctor of the city in districts 2, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, studied statistical sample consists of six districts of three areas: north, center and south of the city as an example for the upper class, middle and low. According to Cochran's formula about 385 have been identified. <br />In this study, probability sampling method used and the techniques of probability sampling is random sampling was used. In the first stage of sampling in this study were randomly selected 6 of the 14 districts of the city and is convenient to the quota. The independent variable in this study felt gender inequality, varying background, and socio- demographic characteristics the dependent variable is the state of social capital. For analysis of four felt sense of gender inequality, social injustice, economic inequality feeling, a sense of political injustice, inequality, family feel and is used for analysis of the four dimensions of social capital, social network, social trust, social support and social integrity is used. <br /> <br />Discussion of Result and Conclusions <br />Studying women's issues is one of the challenges of women's studies scholars, sociologists and other scholars of social sciences and humanities. Gender is social and cultural characteristics of sex, the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards opportunities between women and men in society. The overall feeling is a feeling of unequal gender inequality between men and women refers to facilities and opportunities, Women in an unequal position in social capital are those which have fewer opportunities to use the social life and Taking advantage of the resources and mobility and career success Gender segregation in diverse areas of opportunity and the chance to meet and interact with different people to join the community of women is ssues have always been one of the most important issues . <br />Industrialization and modernization issues with communities to increase opportunities for women in education and enter the labor market and social participation is associated. Ignoring women's issues has caused a huge waste of energy and ability of society. This is due to the theory that the origin Chafetz the origin of gender rate inequality sense of gender inequality and stereotypical beliefs knows, and Bourdiu that inequality in society is the product of inequality in access to different types of capital. By examining aspects of gender inequality in the sense of feeling a sense of injustice at the highest levels of economic inequality and social injustice felt in a political family and had the lowest sense of gender inequality, social capital dimensions and components show Dimensions of social trust, social support, social network, higher levels of social capital among educated women have and also between the dimensions of social networks and social support are low. The results of the relationship between social inequality and feelings of social capital, family relationships, feelings of inequality and social capital, as well as the relationship between economic inequality and feelings of social capital is significant, Get these results suggest that changes in the alignment of their beliefs Chafetz demographic, technological, political and economic changes in the community can lead to gender inequality. Based on the results of the relationship between inequality and political sense social capital is not significant, view theorists like Bourdiu and Chaftz get this result does not explain. According to the results, the relationship between demographic variables (age, marital status, employment status, income, education, and socioeconomic status) and social capital is not significant. Lack of relationship between demographic variables and social capital suggests that women of different ages, single and married, with different socio-economic base (education at undergraduate, graduate and PhD, as well as having an extremely private jobs and government of income) of social capital are the same. <br />Significant after only a sense of gender inequality based on multivariate regression analysis, the sense of social inequality and social capital, indicating it is felt that the social dimension of gender inequality, an important and decisive role in shaping women's social capital is. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18394_92f285c989dabb1719b5a8b5aa8f5291.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Explaining of TV and Press Role in Participation Political Culture among Students (High School Students of Isfahan Case Study) Explaining of TV and Press Role in Participation Political Culture among Students (High School Students of Isfahan Case Study) 91 106 18397 FA Sara Najafpour Ph.D. graduated of political science, University of Isfahan, Iran Amir Masoud Shahramnia Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Isfahan, Iran Ali Tadayon Rad Ph.D. Student of Political Science, University of Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />A participatory political culture is the one of important criteria of democracy and political development a core component of citizenship in a democracy is participation in political activity. In fact if we want democracy, we need responsible people who interested in participating in the political process. Considering that culture is the acquired and is transmitted to people by various social institutions such as family, school, media and etc media as a one of powerful and Impressive social institutions, especially by indirect methods, can transfer the values of participatory political culture to their audiences. In addition, Consider to importance of political participation in developing countries like Iran this paper tries to review the values and cultural that is transmitted by the TV and press to their audience specially high school students, those who are forming their own political self. In order to increase participation, students need to acquire a desire to participate before they leave school. The main question of this essay is what type of political culture is transferred to students by those media? Does they lead high school student to participatory political culture? Our hypothesis is that the Iranian media, TV and press, often is teaching subject political culture to its audience, especially high school students. This is because they can not achieving trust of their audience. <br /> <br /> <br />Material and Method <br />This Paper has used a theoretical framework which provided by Almond and Verba about political culture. Almond and Verba claim to have identified three broad types of political culture .first, Parochial culture, in which no clear differentiation of specific political roles and expectations exists among actors, i.e. political specialization is minimal second, subject, in which institutional and role differentiation exists in political life, but towards which the citizen stands in largely passive relations and third, participant, in which the relationships between specialized institutions and citizen opinion and activity is interactive. <br /> The method of this paper is statistic method. To answer the paper’s question and study of student’s political culture, 440 Questionnaire is distributed among high school students in Isfahan city that 22 of them were excluded due to incompleteness of the research process, and 418 questionnaires were evaluated. In the statistical analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods used and the findings of this study have been analyzed. <br /> <br />Discussion of result and conclusion: Based on the research findings, in the most cases the both of TV and press in Iran transfer values that related to subject political culture. This study also shows that TV more than press can transferred some components of participatory political culture to its student’s audience, but press cannot do this. Of course, even the TV was not able to transfer high level of participation, such as encouraging students to membership in the parties and NGOs, and they just attention to issues like encouraging their audience to take part in the elections. <br /> According to the findings of this research, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the Iranian media, especially the press in the transmission of such concepts and values could be their sectarian operation and the mistrust of people to them. Therefore as long as strong parties have not formed in Iran and media perform as political parties, and also as long as they do not have economic independence, they cannot express their true opinions and critiques and attract trust of their audience like high school students. <br /> On the other hand, since the culture of critique and dialogue in our media space is not highlighted, the message is transmitted indirectly to the audience, especially high school students, is the high cost of political participation. Consequently, this message causes people, especially students, to stay away from political participation and active presence in the political arena. Introduction <br />A participatory political culture is the one of important criteria of democracy and political development a core component of citizenship in a democracy is participation in political activity. In fact if we want democracy, we need responsible people who interested in participating in the political process. Considering that culture is the acquired and is transmitted to people by various social institutions such as family, school, media and etc media as a one of powerful and Impressive social institutions, especially by indirect methods, can transfer the values of participatory political culture to their audiences. In addition, Consider to importance of political participation in developing countries like Iran this paper tries to review the values and cultural that is transmitted by the TV and press to their audience specially high school students, those who are forming their own political self. In order to increase participation, students need to acquire a desire to participate before they leave school. The main question of this essay is what type of political culture is transferred to students by those media? Does they lead high school student to participatory political culture? Our hypothesis is that the Iranian media, TV and press, often is teaching subject political culture to its audience, especially high school students. This is because they can not achieving trust of their audience. <br /> <br /> <br />Material and Method <br />This Paper has used a theoretical framework which provided by Almond and Verba about political culture. Almond and Verba claim to have identified three broad types of political culture .first, Parochial culture, in which no clear differentiation of specific political roles and expectations exists among actors, i.e. political specialization is minimal second, subject, in which institutional and role differentiation exists in political life, but towards which the citizen stands in largely passive relations and third, participant, in which the relationships between specialized institutions and citizen opinion and activity is interactive. <br /> The method of this paper is statistic method. To answer the paper’s question and study of student’s political culture, 440 Questionnaire is distributed among high school students in Isfahan city that 22 of them were excluded due to incompleteness of the research process, and 418 questionnaires were evaluated. In the statistical analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical methods used and the findings of this study have been analyzed. <br /> <br />Discussion of result and conclusion: Based on the research findings, in the most cases the both of TV and press in Iran transfer values that related to subject political culture. This study also shows that TV more than press can transferred some components of participatory political culture to its student’s audience, but press cannot do this. Of course, even the TV was not able to transfer high level of participation, such as encouraging students to membership in the parties and NGOs, and they just attention to issues like encouraging their audience to take part in the elections. <br /> According to the findings of this research, the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the Iranian media, especially the press in the transmission of such concepts and values could be their sectarian operation and the mistrust of people to them. Therefore as long as strong parties have not formed in Iran and media perform as political parties, and also as long as they do not have economic independence, they cannot express their true opinions and critiques and attract trust of their audience like high school students. <br /> On the other hand, since the culture of critique and dialogue in our media space is not highlighted, the message is transmitted indirectly to the audience, especially high school students, is the high cost of political participation. Consequently, this message causes people, especially students, to stay away from political participation and active presence in the political arena. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18397_26210b2eeb427b06271bd5c19c2e3108.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 An Analysis of Women,s Experiances of the Augury (A Qualitative Study of Reasons and Consequences of Augury) An Analysis of Women,s Experiances of the Augury (A Qualitative Study of Reasons and Consequences of Augury) 107 124 18402 FA Fatemeh Gholami M.A. in Sociology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Omid Ghaderzadeh Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />Field evidences suggest that the augury has taken a specific gender base And a greater willingness to it among women is seen. Though, in the past, due to the Lack of access to resources that would help them to know their identity and to know who they are and what they can do, women had been drawn toward the thoughts of fate and destiny. Today, the promotion of women's literacy ,dwelling them in slightly different social places have nothing to do much with the willingness of women to augury. So, Field evidence suggests that the willingness and interset to augury is seen even in educated women and visiting a fortune teller has become a part of the everyday life of married women and young girls. This problem illustrates the complex and fluid nature of augury as a cultural and social reality. from a variety of auguries, This research deals with and studies Tasseomancy and palmistry, because they are more popular nowadays. Despite improving economic capital , social and cultural rights of women, this problem is more and more significant in Sanandej. Noting that this problem has turned into a daily activity for a part of Kurdish women. The number of the Augury centers in the city reveals the Social demand for this type of social and cultural act. According to above, this reseach aims to qualitatively studying the causes, contexts and consequences of augury among the customers in Sanandaj. <br /> <br /> <br />Matherial and Method <br />The method used in this research is qualitative. Qualitative method is appropriate to examine the issues in which in-depth understanding of complexities, details and context of the phenomenon under study are emphasized. the augury is also a complex, multi-dimensional and diverse phenomenon, which means that it has many obscure and unknown aspects, and there are many components and elements consisting of the augury, which may vary among individuals. Among the various methods that can be used for the qualitative researches, we will benefit from the grounded theory method. Grounded theory means the discovery of theory from the data that are produced as a posterior on the basis of social research. Thus, unlike methods that focus primarily on the evidence of hypotheses and theoretical propositions, this approach emphasizes the generation of theory. study field according to the variety of augury centers is sanandaj. researcher during the research has gone to 12 augury centers in the city and gathered the data by attention. In this research the snow balling sampling is used for selecting interviewees and theoretical sampling was used for recognizing the number of persons, determining the place of required data, and finding the way of research. The data gathering strategy had been in-depth interview. Participators in the research were women of 21 to 38 years old who went to one of the augury centers of sanandaj. After accomplishing 25 in-depth interviews, theoretical saturation was attained and because of being sure , interviews continued up to 30 persons. According to the grounded theory method, it was used of 3 stages of open coding, axial coding and selecting coding to data analyzing. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusions <br />In this research it is tried that by emphasizing on women experiences and perception, conditions and circumstances after augury adoption in sanandaj city be considered. Besides, Restoring these stages relies on what women had experienced and expressed it orally or did it practically. According to paradigm model(model 1) can be said that acting of women in augury had been under impact of some specific conditions. These conditions are categorized as 3 columns of causative, context and intervening.results indicated that women react to, loneliness, lack of social support, Womanly Routines, Forsighting, goes to fortune-tellers. Here, Gender stereotype and individualization of religion act as contextual conditions and Modernization of fortune telling act as intervention condition. Women in thier own approaches experienced fortune-telling as Troubleshooting, leisure fortune-telling, augury as frindly resorts Channel angery for rethinking.Women consider the followings as the most important consequences for visiting fortune-tellers Mental drain, psychiatristic fore telling, laugury attraction, Being metaphysical of augury, Cynicism lifestyle, Felling remorse and at last social isolation. The extracted topic of perception and experience of women from fortune- telling is woman,s life Insecurity. Introduction <br />Field evidences suggest that the augury has taken a specific gender base And a greater willingness to it among women is seen. Though, in the past, due to the Lack of access to resources that would help them to know their identity and to know who they are and what they can do, women had been drawn toward the thoughts of fate and destiny. Today, the promotion of women's literacy ,dwelling them in slightly different social places have nothing to do much with the willingness of women to augury. So, Field evidence suggests that the willingness and interset to augury is seen even in educated women and visiting a fortune teller has become a part of the everyday life of married women and young girls. This problem illustrates the complex and fluid nature of augury as a cultural and social reality. from a variety of auguries, This research deals with and studies Tasseomancy and palmistry, because they are more popular nowadays. Despite improving economic capital , social and cultural rights of women, this problem is more and more significant in Sanandej. Noting that this problem has turned into a daily activity for a part of Kurdish women. The number of the Augury centers in the city reveals the Social demand for this type of social and cultural act. According to above, this reseach aims to qualitatively studying the causes, contexts and consequences of augury among the customers in Sanandaj. <br /> <br /> <br />Matherial and Method <br />The method used in this research is qualitative. Qualitative method is appropriate to examine the issues in which in-depth understanding of complexities, details and context of the phenomenon under study are emphasized. the augury is also a complex, multi-dimensional and diverse phenomenon, which means that it has many obscure and unknown aspects, and there are many components and elements consisting of the augury, which may vary among individuals. Among the various methods that can be used for the qualitative researches, we will benefit from the grounded theory method. Grounded theory means the discovery of theory from the data that are produced as a posterior on the basis of social research. Thus, unlike methods that focus primarily on the evidence of hypotheses and theoretical propositions, this approach emphasizes the generation of theory. study field according to the variety of augury centers is sanandaj. researcher during the research has gone to 12 augury centers in the city and gathered the data by attention. In this research the snow balling sampling is used for selecting interviewees and theoretical sampling was used for recognizing the number of persons, determining the place of required data, and finding the way of research. The data gathering strategy had been in-depth interview. Participators in the research were women of 21 to 38 years old who went to one of the augury centers of sanandaj. After accomplishing 25 in-depth interviews, theoretical saturation was attained and because of being sure , interviews continued up to 30 persons. According to the grounded theory method, it was used of 3 stages of open coding, axial coding and selecting coding to data analyzing. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results and Conclusions <br />In this research it is tried that by emphasizing on women experiences and perception, conditions and circumstances after augury adoption in sanandaj city be considered. Besides, Restoring these stages relies on what women had experienced and expressed it orally or did it practically. According to paradigm model(model 1) can be said that acting of women in augury had been under impact of some specific conditions. These conditions are categorized as 3 columns of causative, context and intervening.results indicated that women react to, loneliness, lack of social support, Womanly Routines, Forsighting, goes to fortune-tellers. Here, Gender stereotype and individualization of religion act as contextual conditions and Modernization of fortune telling act as intervention condition. Women in thier own approaches experienced fortune-telling as Troubleshooting, leisure fortune-telling, augury as frindly resorts Channel angery for rethinking.Women consider the followings as the most important consequences for visiting fortune-tellers Mental drain, psychiatristic fore telling, laugury attraction, Being metaphysical of augury, Cynicism lifestyle, Felling remorse and at last social isolation. The extracted topic of perception and experience of women from fortune- telling is woman,s life Insecurity. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18402_09be5173cfe890245b0792969e638374.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Qualitative Study of Radical Feminism Effect on Woman Role in Family Institute and Comparing it with Islam Maneuvers (Case Study: Women of Isfahan) Qualitative Study of Radical Feminism Effect on Woman Role in Family Institute and Comparing it with Islam Maneuvers (Case Study: Women of Isfahan) 125 140 18398 FA Huriyyeh Rabani Esfahani M.A. Student of Women Study, University of Isfahan, Iran Bahjat Yazdekhasti Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14   Introduction   The history of feminism starts from human consciousness and its thinking center is gender and its main aspect of all interpretations and its types is this belief that women because of their gender captured in discrimination and the aim of this thought is eliminating any inequality based on physical and somatic differences. The most important feminist narration in opposition to dominated maleness was formed in declaration of human rights of France in 1789. The first stage of three stages of feminism movement evolution is from 1850 to 1920 that called first wave(tide) or reaching to voting right. The second feminism wave (from 1950-1960) with refusing marriage, emphasize on singleness, the employment of women as some of their important ideals and the slogan " women without men with male behaviors" is related to this period. In third wave, a debate raised byJeanbethechealashtain that is famous as motherhood restoration, she defended private living and child-center family and knew the motherhood a complicated, troublesome and merrymaking. In this wave that continues to present, the outlooks of second wave was moderated and diversityand branching occurred in feminist outlooks but second wave effects keep their traces in many places and fields that could point to effects of radical feminism on family institute. Radical feminists know the family as an unequal scene that women are subjugated in it and this act is doing by two constructions in family: 1. Place of woman in role of wife and mother 2. Family training process that institutionalize male and female behaviors in children and perpetuate low-rankingplace of women. This movement placed women in a situation that did not have any tendency for being mother and motherhood. They engaged in more attractive issues than pregnancy, delivery of child, milking and training the child that had quickprofitable results.Feminism movement in family area was the cause of many challenges that some are: motherhood denial, family without maleness, constructive changes in family institute, increase of divorce, increasing of marriage age, absolute singleness, abortion, prostitution and smuggle of women. Feminists believe all family problems are because of the lack of woman freedom and inequality of her rights in comparison with man while its in a situation that Islam is revival of woman right and take long steps in this field, but never by woman restoration as a human and partner of man in humanity and human rights, did not forget the femaleness of woman and maleness of man. Islam is distinguishing differences in some rights, responsibilities and punishments that from feminism viewpoint, the cause of these differences is the disdainful view of this religion toward woman. In Islamic culture, family is the center of love, affection, safety and faith and providing spiritual, mental and emotional needs of its members. In a whole glance, all commands and orders of Islam in a way are observing on preserving family and on its head, supporting from woman as a main substructure of it, offer some maneuvers that maybe apparently being contradict with this aim but originally all are alongside with supporting from woman. Some of these strategies are : headship of man over family and his custody, obedience of woman, Charitable giving(Nafaghe), sharp encountering with fornicators, Hijab and women clothing and cover, admonishing to do right and avoiding to do sin, control of glance and modesty.     Material and Methods   Present society of Iran as a most important Shiie country try to carry out Islam principles and strategies in different fields but this subject is affected by many factors like the entrance of western culture in the country specially the signs of feminism movement, reminder of traditional patriarchy that in some case are fading some Islamic doctrines and teachings . In this article by deep well-constructed interview method, tried to study the effect of feminism on family institute (qualitative study of Isfahan women) and meanwhile in it pay attention to woman role as a main substructure of family that the more evasion of radical feminism is toward it. In this research is used from in access sampling and then coding and categorizing.     Discussion Results and Conclusions   Obtained results show that in spite of maleness (patriarchy) thought in Iranian culture and influence and penetration of feminist thought in society, yet Islamic thought based on keeping of family center, the importance of mother role and wife, growth and sublimity of woman beside the preservation from family bounds is a heading model for life of Iranian woman and yet woman see most important role of herself in family, keep and development and transcendence of it. But unfortunately in field of Hijab and clothing, this subject became very fade and disclosing of religious constraints in this area became decreased and showthe necessity of correct culture makingin these fields.      Introduction   The history of feminism starts from human consciousness and its thinking center is gender and its main aspect of all interpretations and its types is this belief that women because of their gender captured in discrimination and the aim of this thought is eliminating any inequality based on physical and somatic differences. The most important feminist narration in opposition to dominated maleness was formed in declaration of human rights of France in 1789. The first stage of three stages of feminism movement evolution is from 1850 to 1920 that called first wave(tide) or reaching to voting right. The second feminism wave (from 1950-1960) with refusing marriage, emphasize on singleness, the employment of women as some of their important ideals and the slogan " women without men with male behaviors" is related to this period. In third wave, a debate raised byJeanbethechealashtain that is famous as motherhood restoration, she defended private living and child-center family and knew the motherhood a complicated, troublesome and merrymaking. In this wave that continues to present, the outlooks of second wave was moderated and diversityand branching occurred in feminist outlooks but second wave effects keep their traces in many places and fields that could point to effects of radical feminism on family institute. Radical feminists know the family as an unequal scene that women are subjugated in it and this act is doing by two constructions in family: 1. Place of woman in role of wife and mother 2. Family training process that institutionalize male and female behaviors in children and perpetuate low-rankingplace of women. This movement placed women in a situation that did not have any tendency for being mother and motherhood. They engaged in more attractive issues than pregnancy, delivery of child, milking and training the child that had quickprofitable results.Feminism movement in family area was the cause of many challenges that some are: motherhood denial, family without maleness, constructive changes in family institute, increase of divorce, increasing of marriage age, absolute singleness, abortion, prostitution and smuggle of women. Feminists believe all family problems are because of the lack of woman freedom and inequality of her rights in comparison with man while its in a situation that Islam is revival of woman right and take long steps in this field, but never by woman restoration as a human and partner of man in humanity and human rights, did not forget the femaleness of woman and maleness of man. Islam is distinguishing differences in some rights, responsibilities and punishments that from feminism viewpoint, the cause of these differences is the disdainful view of this religion toward woman. In Islamic culture, family is the center of love, affection, safety and faith and providing spiritual, mental and emotional needs of its members. In a whole glance, all commands and orders of Islam in a way are observing on preserving family and on its head, supporting from woman as a main substructure of it, offer some maneuvers that maybe apparently being contradict with this aim but originally all are alongside with supporting from woman. Some of these strategies are : headship of man over family and his custody, obedience of woman, Charitable giving(Nafaghe), sharp encountering with fornicators, Hijab and women clothing and cover, admonishing to do right and avoiding to do sin, control of glance and modesty.     Material and Methods   Present society of Iran as a most important Shiie country try to carry out Islam principles and strategies in different fields but this subject is affected by many factors like the entrance of western culture in the country specially the signs of feminism movement, reminder of traditional patriarchy that in some case are fading some Islamic doctrines and teachings . In this article by deep well-constructed interview method, tried to study the effect of feminism on family institute (qualitative study of Isfahan women) and meanwhile in it pay attention to woman role as a main substructure of family that the more evasion of radical feminism is toward it. In this research is used from in access sampling and then coding and categorizing.     Discussion Results and Conclusions   Obtained results show that in spite of maleness (patriarchy) thought in Iranian culture and influence and penetration of feminist thought in society, yet Islamic thought based on keeping of family center, the importance of mother role and wife, growth and sublimity of woman beside the preservation from family bounds is a heading model for life of Iranian woman and yet woman see most important role of herself in family, keep and development and transcendence of it. But unfortunately in field of Hijab and clothing, this subject became very fade and disclosing of religious constraints in this area became decreased and showthe necessity of correct culture makingin these fields.    https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18398_137651d17e6299c5cb2e6f60b3e755dd.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Self- Esteem as A Mediator of the Relationship between Social Capital and Sense of Health: A Case Study of Married Men and Women of Yasouj Self- Esteem as A Mediator of the Relationship between Social Capital and Sense of Health: A Case Study of Married Men and Women of Yasouj 141 158 18401 FA Arman Heidari Assistant Professor, Deprtment of Sociology, Yasouj University, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14   Introduction   Health could be studied from different scientific perspectives. From sociological point of view, health is defined more as health feeling rather than the absence of any diseases. In addition, in sociological empirical and theoretical literatures social capital has been introduced as one of the most important social factors that influence the health situation of individuals. Social capital as a multidimensional and multilevel construction has been defined differently within and between scientific disciplines and the famous sociologist of this field. In this essay, the researcher on the base of definition Shefell, Shah and Putnam of social capital has investigated the relationship between social capital and health feeling of marrid individuals of Yasouj city.     Materials & Methods   Thus, two important kinds of structural and cognitive social capitals have been noticed in examining the relationship between social capital and health feeling. The more important fact about the mechanism of the relationship between social capital and health feeling is that according to most theorists and researchers the effect of social capital on health is indirect and mediated by variables such as self – esteem, as far as this effect is considered very more important than its direct effect. Thus, the aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the relationship between two kinds of social capital (structural and cognitive) and health feeling of married individual of Yasouj city, and (2) to show that this relationship is mediated by psychological variable of self esteem. The research has done with aid of survey – cross sectional method and the data has collected through instrument of self reported health questionnaire ‏ that included the 6-items of Spitzor et al, s Patient Health Questionnaire measurement. Lin's formula was used to determine sample size and on this basis 400 married men and women of Yasouj city were determined as the sample of the research. The sampling method was the classified- quota- random method.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   Data analysis shows that variables such as social satisfaction, self-esteem, social support, religious participation, interaction with relatives, relationship with friends, and periodical visit- revisiting to acquaintances had positive and significant correlations with the sense of health, respectively the three variables of social satisfaction, self-esteem, and relationship with friends could explain 17 percent of the variance of respondents’ sense of health. With respect to the mechanism of the effect of social capital on the sense of health, it could be said that the structural dimension of the social capital, by means of its effects on the cognitive dimension, and the two dimensions together influence individuals’ sense of health through the mediation of psychological processes. Based on the results, we can say that the effect of quality of social relationships on health feeling has been very important than the quantities of them even some of the relationships (such as neighborhood relationships), because of being stressfulness, could result in reduce the individual’s well being. Finally, in respect of the causal and logical relationship of dimensions of social capital and self esteem with health feeling, it seems more correct to assume that the structural aspects of social capital (objective and quantitative relationships) could increase health feeling only if they lead to qualitative improvement of cognitive aspects of that(especially life satisfaction) and these two aspects interact with each other by promoting individual’s self esteem lead to health feeling increasing. Thus, it could be said the prevalent assumption that consider the relationship of social capital and health feeling as a inevitable positive relationship must be revised and replaced by the conditional assumption that these relationships only if increase health feeling that could improve individual’s life satisfaction and self esteems.        Introduction   Health could be studied from different scientific perspectives. From sociological point of view, health is defined more as health feeling rather than the absence of any diseases. In addition, in sociological empirical and theoretical literatures social capital has been introduced as one of the most important social factors that influence the health situation of individuals. Social capital as a multidimensional and multilevel construction has been defined differently within and between scientific disciplines and the famous sociologist of this field. In this essay, the researcher on the base of definition Shefell, Shah and Putnam of social capital has investigated the relationship between social capital and health feeling of marrid individuals of Yasouj city.     Materials & Methods   Thus, two important kinds of structural and cognitive social capitals have been noticed in examining the relationship between social capital and health feeling. The more important fact about the mechanism of the relationship between social capital and health feeling is that according to most theorists and researchers the effect of social capital on health is indirect and mediated by variables such as self – esteem, as far as this effect is considered very more important than its direct effect. Thus, the aims of the present study were (1) to investigate the relationship between two kinds of social capital (structural and cognitive) and health feeling of married individual of Yasouj city, and (2) to show that this relationship is mediated by psychological variable of self esteem. The research has done with aid of survey – cross sectional method and the data has collected through instrument of self reported health questionnaire ‏ that included the 6-items of Spitzor et al, s Patient Health Questionnaire measurement. Lin's formula was used to determine sample size and on this basis 400 married men and women of Yasouj city were determined as the sample of the research. The sampling method was the classified- quota- random method.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   Data analysis shows that variables such as social satisfaction, self-esteem, social support, religious participation, interaction with relatives, relationship with friends, and periodical visit- revisiting to acquaintances had positive and significant correlations with the sense of health, respectively the three variables of social satisfaction, self-esteem, and relationship with friends could explain 17 percent of the variance of respondents’ sense of health. With respect to the mechanism of the effect of social capital on the sense of health, it could be said that the structural dimension of the social capital, by means of its effects on the cognitive dimension, and the two dimensions together influence individuals’ sense of health through the mediation of psychological processes. Based on the results, we can say that the effect of quality of social relationships on health feeling has been very important than the quantities of them even some of the relationships (such as neighborhood relationships), because of being stressfulness, could result in reduce the individual’s well being. Finally, in respect of the causal and logical relationship of dimensions of social capital and self esteem with health feeling, it seems more correct to assume that the structural aspects of social capital (objective and quantitative relationships) could increase health feeling only if they lead to qualitative improvement of cognitive aspects of that(especially life satisfaction) and these two aspects interact with each other by promoting individual’s self esteem lead to health feeling increasing. Thus, it could be said the prevalent assumption that consider the relationship of social capital and health feeling as a inevitable positive relationship must be revised and replaced by the conditional assumption that these relationships only if increase health feeling that could improve individual’s life satisfaction and self esteems.      https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18401_920cd293c89222bbf48e0b6070eb067d.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Cultural changes, and reduce fertility in Iran (Based on second analyze of data of Iranian’s survey values and attitudes) Cultural changes, and reduce fertility in Iran (Based on second analyze of data of Iranian’s survey values and attitudes) 159 180 18400 FA Maysam Mohammadi Amir Rastergarkhaled Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />Based on data of demography’s different organs, fertility rates in more Countries world and even in Iran, is declining. The decline began first in Europe and then gradually be extended to other countries. Early, this subject was discussed with a structural analysis and theories such as economic theories. <br />One of most important was “the economic theory of cost-benefit”. This theory express that in modern society, couples attend to costs and benefits of having a child. This theory believes that the children were labor force in the past, so they need to be. But from the perspective of this theory, now the couple finds that childbearing have very high costs and Low benefits. So they decide to don’t have any child or have less children. This theory believes that the children were labor force in the past, so they need to be. <br />But in the following decades, these explanations were suspected. Van de kaa and Lesthaeghe were from the first theorist that developed a culture theory culture. Name of this theory is “the second demographic transition”. They express that reduction in the number of children in families of western countries is due to changes that happened in patterns of those families. They believed that these changes are most relevant to the postmodern world. Therefore, they suggested that factors such as cultural changes must explain recent changes in marriage patterns, fertility and divorce. The reason was that it was at a time when most countries have seen a sharp decline in fertility rates, these countries have simultaneously experienced a huge cultural change, too. <br />After these two, other theorists in this field has studied and has completed Van de kaa and Lesthaeghe theory. These scientists added additional components to the theory. Currently, the most important variables as factors influencing fertility decline has been known in various countries of the world, are: the growth of individualism, religious changes, growing secularism and shifting family values. <br /> <br />Material & Methods <br />The aim of our research is to study the relationship between cultural developments in the areas of personal, familial and religious changes with fertility rates in the provincial centers of Iran. In other words, in this study we want to investigate 4 those variables as the main causes of reduced fertility suggested by some theorists in Iran. Here the variables of cultural changes that is include variables of change in the values of family, religiosity, secularism and individualism, are considered as independent variables and variable fertility decline, is the dependent variable of the stud. On the other hand, we can imagine that Variables of religion and secularism are effective on the variable’s changes the value of family, and all of the three variables are also associated with fertility. So secularism and religiosity variables, are direct and indirect influence on fertility. Individualism variable, is considered as the variable influencing secularism, religious and family values, too. So we can expect that individualism indirectly is effective on fertility and changes it. In this study, fertility rates in 28 provinces of Iran based on theory’s Van de kaa, Lesthaeghe, Hara and Nils, who express widespread values changes occurred in the areas of family values, individualism, and religion (secularism) have created the changes in fertility rates, related to data from surveys of values and attitudes of Iranians in 2001, that represents rates of the individualism, religious, secularism and the importance of family values in different countries In various provinces. To obtain the general fertility rate in 2001, the fertility rate in 1996, according to method of "self-children" has become the standard data for 2001. <br />Discussion of Results & Conclusions <br />So, the research method in this study is a secondary analysis. The results showed that there are highly significant relationship between Variables of individualism, religiosity, secularism and family values in the provincial centers with fertility rates in these provinces. That is what in cities that have high religiosity, low secularism and individualism and greater attention to family values, those cities have high fertility rates, and vice versa. <br />In the end, to identify the most influential independent variables among cultural variables, using regression testing, has been revealed that individualism over other cultural variables, effects on rates of fertility in centers of the provinces. <br />In sum, the above data indicate to explain more precisely the topic of fertility and it’s decline must cultural variables be considered as one of the main and important factors affecting fertility and changes that. This regard is the assistance of officials and agents wanting change fertility rates. Introduction <br />Based on data of demography’s different organs, fertility rates in more Countries world and even in Iran, is declining. The decline began first in Europe and then gradually be extended to other countries. Early, this subject was discussed with a structural analysis and theories such as economic theories. <br />One of most important was “the economic theory of cost-benefit”. This theory express that in modern society, couples attend to costs and benefits of having a child. This theory believes that the children were labor force in the past, so they need to be. But from the perspective of this theory, now the couple finds that childbearing have very high costs and Low benefits. So they decide to don’t have any child or have less children. This theory believes that the children were labor force in the past, so they need to be. <br />But in the following decades, these explanations were suspected. Van de kaa and Lesthaeghe were from the first theorist that developed a culture theory culture. Name of this theory is “the second demographic transition”. They express that reduction in the number of children in families of western countries is due to changes that happened in patterns of those families. They believed that these changes are most relevant to the postmodern world. Therefore, they suggested that factors such as cultural changes must explain recent changes in marriage patterns, fertility and divorce. The reason was that it was at a time when most countries have seen a sharp decline in fertility rates, these countries have simultaneously experienced a huge cultural change, too. <br />After these two, other theorists in this field has studied and has completed Van de kaa and Lesthaeghe theory. These scientists added additional components to the theory. Currently, the most important variables as factors influencing fertility decline has been known in various countries of the world, are: the growth of individualism, religious changes, growing secularism and shifting family values. <br /> <br />Material & Methods <br />The aim of our research is to study the relationship between cultural developments in the areas of personal, familial and religious changes with fertility rates in the provincial centers of Iran. In other words, in this study we want to investigate 4 those variables as the main causes of reduced fertility suggested by some theorists in Iran. Here the variables of cultural changes that is include variables of change in the values of family, religiosity, secularism and individualism, are considered as independent variables and variable fertility decline, is the dependent variable of the stud. On the other hand, we can imagine that Variables of religion and secularism are effective on the variable’s changes the value of family, and all of the three variables are also associated with fertility. So secularism and religiosity variables, are direct and indirect influence on fertility. Individualism variable, is considered as the variable influencing secularism, religious and family values, too. So we can expect that individualism indirectly is effective on fertility and changes it. In this study, fertility rates in 28 provinces of Iran based on theory’s Van de kaa, Lesthaeghe, Hara and Nils, who express widespread values changes occurred in the areas of family values, individualism, and religion (secularism) have created the changes in fertility rates, related to data from surveys of values and attitudes of Iranians in 2001, that represents rates of the individualism, religious, secularism and the importance of family values in different countries In various provinces. To obtain the general fertility rate in 2001, the fertility rate in 1996, according to method of "self-children" has become the standard data for 2001. <br />Discussion of Results & Conclusions <br />So, the research method in this study is a secondary analysis. The results showed that there are highly significant relationship between Variables of individualism, religiosity, secularism and family values in the provincial centers with fertility rates in these provinces. That is what in cities that have high religiosity, low secularism and individualism and greater attention to family values, those cities have high fertility rates, and vice versa. <br />In the end, to identify the most influential independent variables among cultural variables, using regression testing, has been revealed that individualism over other cultural variables, effects on rates of fertility in centers of the provinces. <br />In sum, the above data indicate to explain more precisely the topic of fertility and it’s decline must cultural variables be considered as one of the main and important factors affecting fertility and changes that. This regard is the assistance of officials and agents wanting change fertility rates. https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18400_894c17870276bb1aa2a1483ac2a55735.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Investigating Influence of Human Capital Management on Organizational Commitment case study: Foolad Technic International Engineering Co. Investigating Influence of Human Capital Management on Organizational Commitment case study: Foolad Technic International Engineering Co. 181 196 18393 FA Hadi Shirouyehzad Department of Industrial Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Ali Nasr Esfahani Assistant Professor, Department of Management, University of Isfahan, Iran Mohammad Mehdi Tavakoli Department of Industrial Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Saeid Jafari Master of Industrial Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Yazd University, Iran Journal Article 2016 06 14   Introduction   Several studies have identified the need to managing human capital and considered it as a competitive advantage for organizations. They expressed that one way of gaining organization competitive advantage is given through considering human capital. On the other hand, one of the ways that causes human capital to implement their ability to advance the organization goals is organizational commitment. Organizational commitment can make employees to be commitment towards the organization.     Material & Methods   In this research, the impact of human capital management on organizational commitment has studied. On this reason, Foolad Technic Engineering selected as a case study and in the first Human capital management level and organizational commitment level evaluated by Bassi and McMurrer HCM questionnaire and Porter organizational commitment questionnaire. Thus, a questionnaire in this step and then its content and appearance are confirmed by some academic experts in human capital management field. To calculate to questionnaire reliability, cronbachs alpha has been used which its value was 0.95 for the total questionnaire and due to the fact that cronbachs alpha coefficient higher than 70% is acceptable, there for the test has acceptable reliability and the questionnaire reliability can be assessed as favorable. In the next step, HCM and organizational commitment were analyzed with statistical and correlation tests and in the end, an empirical model was proposed by path analyze that showed relationship between variables.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   In paper identified the impact of human capital management on organizational commitment. The results showed that knowledge accessibility practice with an average of 3.48 are located in the top level among other practices. Also, the level of organizational commitment with the average of 3.503 is desirable. Pearson correlation test results showed that learning capacity practice has the highest correlation with organizational commitment. In the end, results of multivariate regression and path analyze showed that learning capacity and employee engagement have direct impact on organizational commitment.   According to the results , the following are recommended:   Researchers in their future studied can use a combination of multi-basis human capital model. Also, for future studies, other advantages of investing on human capital management such as employee engagement in decision making, group work environment and in time employee notification can be used as dependent variable.        Introduction   Several studies have identified the need to managing human capital and considered it as a competitive advantage for organizations. They expressed that one way of gaining organization competitive advantage is given through considering human capital. On the other hand, one of the ways that causes human capital to implement their ability to advance the organization goals is organizational commitment. Organizational commitment can make employees to be commitment towards the organization.     Material & Methods   In this research, the impact of human capital management on organizational commitment has studied. On this reason, Foolad Technic Engineering selected as a case study and in the first Human capital management level and organizational commitment level evaluated by Bassi and McMurrer HCM questionnaire and Porter organizational commitment questionnaire. Thus, a questionnaire in this step and then its content and appearance are confirmed by some academic experts in human capital management field. To calculate to questionnaire reliability, cronbachs alpha has been used which its value was 0.95 for the total questionnaire and due to the fact that cronbachs alpha coefficient higher than 70% is acceptable, there for the test has acceptable reliability and the questionnaire reliability can be assessed as favorable. In the next step, HCM and organizational commitment were analyzed with statistical and correlation tests and in the end, an empirical model was proposed by path analyze that showed relationship between variables.     Discussion of Results & Conclusions   In paper identified the impact of human capital management on organizational commitment. The results showed that knowledge accessibility practice with an average of 3.48 are located in the top level among other practices. Also, the level of organizational commitment with the average of 3.503 is desirable. Pearson correlation test results showed that learning capacity practice has the highest correlation with organizational commitment. In the end, results of multivariate regression and path analyze showed that learning capacity and employee engagement have direct impact on organizational commitment.   According to the results , the following are recommended:   Researchers in their future studied can use a combination of multi-basis human capital model. Also, for future studies, other advantages of investing on human capital management such as employee engagement in decision making, group work environment and in time employee notification can be used as dependent variable.      https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18393_635d4a234ec9383f34623e652d705632.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 26 2 2015 04 21 Dirge Pop Becoming The Soft Instrument of Mourning Desacredism (SymmetryAnalysis of Dirge Content Sacred or Desacred) Dirge Pop Becoming The Soft Instrument of Mourning Desacredism (SymmetryAnalysis of Dirge Content Sacred or Desacred) 197 211 18403 FA Akbar Talebpour Grand Ayatollah boroujerdi university Journal Article 2016 06 14 Introduction <br />One of the most important Shi'ite religious ritual is mourning that has a long history, although the formation of this ceremony took place outside the realm of religion (boloukbashi,1998), but gradually accepted from religion and religious clergy support the overall structure of Taziye and thy reading, and they were bound to attend at the mourning. With the decline of the penetration of traditional thy mourning was opened a new dirge to mourning. studies suggests new Dirges are empty of sanctity content that concerned clergy and religious leaders. However, a new generation has its own way of mourning and did not accept the teachings of the previous generation(Naghibzade2004). In other words, the new generation is looking to launch the trick in mourning, but it seems the changes in this field over the limit and mourning in recent years has been removed from its original orbit. This trend was called dirge Pop Becoming , that investigated in present research. Many factors are involved in dirge pop becoming, but two factors are more important than other factors one of these factors, the use of Western pop music implementation (changed from major to minor rhythm) and other is , use of certain non-religious terms, with conversational style, as the release of the mourning of religious adherence. It seems that in recent years, both of these factors with particular intelligence through soft power is applied to the mourners, and mourners without understand this trend, have fallen in the lap of Western culture. In this paper, the influence of pop music, as a symbol of Western soft power, on the extent of dirge pop becoming and desacredism of dirge has investigated. <br /> <br /> <br />Material & Methods <br />Pop dirges played with fast and multiplicative rhythm and passion overpower to the intelligence, in this dirge weeper or his colleague is trying to show rapture. Measurement of pop dirge was conducted through contigency analysis that is a type of quantitative content analysis . Quantitative content analysis consists of a systematic and repeatable testing of codes which, according to the valid laws of numerical value measurement is attributed to text and then, using statistical methods, relationships among its value is analyzed. A contigency analysis is one of quantitative content analysis, that is based on the meaningful of symmetry or asymmetry between concepts. Research sample were selected ten percent of total2000 Persian and Turkish dirge clips was available to researcher (available on the market) that were conducted between 2003 up to 2013 by using simple random sampling method, finally 200 Clips (100 Persian clip and 100 Turkish clip) that were conducted between 2003 up to 2013 by using a content analysis technique was analyzed. Selected clips by using the contigency of symmetry concepts such as religious teachings , moral teachings, cognitive teachings, emotional expressions, absurd statements, royal statements, vague phrases, dirge rhythms and statements of historical distortion examined , this symmetry of concepts were measured by chi-square test. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results & Conclusions <br />The results showed that firstly there were meaningful symmetry between the concepts related free the sanctity of dirges among statistical sample in both of languages , this indicates dirges distance from religious text and eliminating sacred of dirges, Secondly convergence was observed between Persian and Turkish mourning in desacredism. More precise assessment showed that the distortion of the history in Turkish dirge was more than Persian, while mourning the Persian dirge rhythms was faster than Turkish dirge rhythm. According to the resultsit can be said part of dirge was removed of their religious content and mourning moved to only ritual ceremony. The continuation of this trend in the coming years, the dirge will conduct by persons who have no religious bias and dirge will service pop music trend, which may lead to be surf boards by these individuals. In order to avoid this trend the application of the following suggestions is necessary <br />a. Preachers provide warnings to prevent eulogies for implementation of pop dirge, they also need provide warnings about not using the absurd words in dirge. <br />b. The broadcast of pop dirge than television decrease to reduce the amount of learning and popularity of pop dirge among young people reduce, versus TV should be more attention to the traditional mourning. <br />c. Board of religious with traditional nature formed by clerics and academics to improve the culture in this regard. <br />d. Thy place as an essential element of traditional dirge reinforcement based on the needs of young people and reasonable teachings . Introduction <br />One of the most important Shi'ite religious ritual is mourning that has a long history, although the formation of this ceremony took place outside the realm of religion (boloukbashi,1998), but gradually accepted from religion and religious clergy support the overall structure of Taziye and thy reading, and they were bound to attend at the mourning. With the decline of the penetration of traditional thy mourning was opened a new dirge to mourning. studies suggests new Dirges are empty of sanctity content that concerned clergy and religious leaders. However, a new generation has its own way of mourning and did not accept the teachings of the previous generation(Naghibzade2004). In other words, the new generation is looking to launch the trick in mourning, but it seems the changes in this field over the limit and mourning in recent years has been removed from its original orbit. This trend was called dirge Pop Becoming , that investigated in present research. Many factors are involved in dirge pop becoming, but two factors are more important than other factors one of these factors, the use of Western pop music implementation (changed from major to minor rhythm) and other is , use of certain non-religious terms, with conversational style, as the release of the mourning of religious adherence. It seems that in recent years, both of these factors with particular intelligence through soft power is applied to the mourners, and mourners without understand this trend, have fallen in the lap of Western culture. In this paper, the influence of pop music, as a symbol of Western soft power, on the extent of dirge pop becoming and desacredism of dirge has investigated. <br /> <br /> <br />Material & Methods <br />Pop dirges played with fast and multiplicative rhythm and passion overpower to the intelligence, in this dirge weeper or his colleague is trying to show rapture. Measurement of pop dirge was conducted through contigency analysis that is a type of quantitative content analysis . Quantitative content analysis consists of a systematic and repeatable testing of codes which, according to the valid laws of numerical value measurement is attributed to text and then, using statistical methods, relationships among its value is analyzed. A contigency analysis is one of quantitative content analysis, that is based on the meaningful of symmetry or asymmetry between concepts. Research sample were selected ten percent of total2000 Persian and Turkish dirge clips was available to researcher (available on the market) that were conducted between 2003 up to 2013 by using simple random sampling method, finally 200 Clips (100 Persian clip and 100 Turkish clip) that were conducted between 2003 up to 2013 by using a content analysis technique was analyzed. Selected clips by using the contigency of symmetry concepts such as religious teachings , moral teachings, cognitive teachings, emotional expressions, absurd statements, royal statements, vague phrases, dirge rhythms and statements of historical distortion examined , this symmetry of concepts were measured by chi-square test. <br /> <br />Discussion of Results & Conclusions <br />The results showed that firstly there were meaningful symmetry between the concepts related free the sanctity of dirges among statistical sample in both of languages , this indicates dirges distance from religious text and eliminating sacred of dirges, Secondly convergence was observed between Persian and Turkish mourning in desacredism. More precise assessment showed that the distortion of the history in Turkish dirge was more than Persian, while mourning the Persian dirge rhythms was faster than Turkish dirge rhythm. According to the resultsit can be said part of dirge was removed of their religious content and mourning moved to only ritual ceremony. The continuation of this trend in the coming years, the dirge will conduct by persons who have no religious bias and dirge will service pop music trend, which may lead to be surf boards by these individuals. In order to avoid this trend the application of the following suggestions is necessary <br />a. Preachers provide warnings to prevent eulogies for implementation of pop dirge, they also need provide warnings about not using the absurd words in dirge. <br />b. The broadcast of pop dirge than television decrease to reduce the amount of learning and popularity of pop dirge among young people reduce, versus TV should be more attention to the traditional mourning. <br />c. Board of religious with traditional nature formed by clerics and academics to improve the culture in this regard. <br />d. Thy place as an essential element of traditional dirge reinforcement based on the needs of young people and reasonable teachings . https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18403_9bb7cbca184ecac7eb753f685e01a846.pdf