University of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522The Effect of Social and Psychological Factors on Happiness (Case Study: 16-18 Years Old Students of Ahvaz)The Effect of Social and Psychological Factors on Happiness (Case Study: 16-18 Years Old Students of Ahvaz)12218406FAKarimRezadoustAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranSeyed AbdolhoseinNabaviAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranSeyede NajmehSalehiM.A. in Sociology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Living in a modern and global age has many crucial consequences for contemporary social actors. Transnational society or global culture is considered as a consequence of the modernization process, with a dynamic and mobile base, which is reflexivity in social life. Social life is encompassed with this fact that individuals' functions become continuously evaluated, modifying by fresh data, and the elements become fundamentally changed. Reflexivity about self and various aspects of life as well as choosing among different alternatives is an opportunity that modern society offers to people. Therefore, in modern society, humans review continuously their self as how, and what it should be. Reflexivity is a process of self-definition and redefinition by observing and focusing on information about possible ways of life. Reflexivity is a mechanism in human thinking and behavior which sets human action and controls it, of course, this mechanism is different in traditional culture in comparison to modern culture. This paper addresses reflexivity and the related factors among young citizens of Yazd city.    Materials and Methods  The research Approach used in the study was quantitative and the method was survey, with an analytical and descriptive goal. Data was collected by using researcher-designed questionnaire. Sample size was determined to be 384 cases, using Cochran's sample size formula. Multiple cluster sampling was used to sample, dividing the city into different areas of north, south and center area. Research validity is formal validity in which the items were evaluated by sociology professors. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which showed that the items are in an internal correlation with each other. The data was analyzed in SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  According to descriptive results, the Mean of reflexivity among respondents was 19/16 which is above of the scale mean (15). Most of respondents had a modest reflexivity ratio. Results showed that it is not significantly different between men and women. But there is a significant relationship between education and income with reflexivity. Mass media and cultural globalization with reflexivity are in a direct relationship, that is, as use of mass media is increased, the ratio of reflexivity increases too. There is a significant relationship between religiosity and reflexivity. Multivariate regression results showed that cultural globalization and religiosity are the most important predictors of reflexivity. These two variables alone explained 17 percent variance of reflexivity variable.  Generally, with respect to research results it can be said that Iranian society is a changing society and is experiencing fast changes in different aspects. This change, which has been accompanied by current structural and cultural transformations in a global scale, have led to a pluralism in the youths' social world life and consequently have formed new attitudes and values among them. One consequence of this situation is the formation and growth of a special kind of personal identity, which has reflexivity at its core. Information and communicative technologies have led people in different areas of the world to become more informed about different lifestyles, values and behavioral norms. The result of this process is the creation of new identities among youth.    Introduction  Living in a modern and global age has many crucial consequences for contemporary social actors. Transnational society or global culture is considered as a consequence of the modernization process, with a dynamic and mobile base, which is reflexivity in social life. Social life is encompassed with this fact that individuals' functions become continuously evaluated, modifying by fresh data, and the elements become fundamentally changed. Reflexivity about self and various aspects of life as well as choosing among different alternatives is an opportunity that modern society offers to people. Therefore, in modern society, humans review continuously their self as how, and what it should be. Reflexivity is a process of self-definition and redefinition by observing and focusing on information about possible ways of life. Reflexivity is a mechanism in human thinking and behavior which sets human action and controls it, of course, this mechanism is different in traditional culture in comparison to modern culture. This paper addresses reflexivity and the related factors among young citizens of Yazd city.    Materials and Methods  The research Approach used in the study was quantitative and the method was survey, with an analytical and descriptive goal. Data was collected by using researcher-designed questionnaire. Sample size was determined to be 384 cases, using Cochran's sample size formula. Multiple cluster sampling was used to sample, dividing the city into different areas of north, south and center area. Research validity is formal validity in which the items were evaluated by sociology professors. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which showed that the items are in an internal correlation with each other. The data was analyzed in SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  According to descriptive results, the Mean of reflexivity among respondents was 19/16 which is above of the scale mean (15). Most of respondents had a modest reflexivity ratio. Results showed that it is not significantly different between men and women. But there is a significant relationship between education and income with reflexivity. Mass media and cultural globalization with reflexivity are in a direct relationship, that is, as use of mass media is increased, the ratio of reflexivity increases too. There is a significant relationship between religiosity and reflexivity. Multivariate regression results showed that cultural globalization and religiosity are the most important predictors of reflexivity. These two variables alone explained 17 percent variance of reflexivity variable.  Generally, with respect to research results it can be said that Iranian society is a changing society and is experiencing fast changes in different aspects. This change, which has been accompanied by current structural and cultural transformations in a global scale, have led to a pluralism in the youths' social world life and consequently have formed new attitudes and values among them. One consequence of this situation is the formation and growth of a special kind of personal identity, which has reflexivity at its core. Information and communicative technologies have led people in different areas of the world to become more informed about different lifestyles, values and behavioral norms. The result of this process is the creation of new identities among youth.   https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18406_863df9c7040f48fec3a1bbd6b8af1beb.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522A Study of Social Reflexivity among Youths in City of YazdA Study of Social Reflexivity among Youths in City of Yazd233818414FAHosseinAfrasiabiAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Yazd University, IranYasinKhorampourMA. student of Sociology, Yazd University, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Living in a modern and global age has many crucial consequences for contemporary social actors. Transnational society or global culture is considered as a consequence of the modernization process, with a dynamic and mobile base, which is reflexivity in social life. Social life is encompassed with this fact that individuals' functions become continuously evaluated, modifying by fresh data, and the elements become fundamentally changed. Reflexivity about self and various aspects of life as well as choosing among different alternatives is an opportunity that modern society offers to people. Therefore, in modern society, humans review continuously their self as how, and what it should be. Reflexivity is a process of self-definition and redefinition by observing and focusing on information about possible ways of life. Reflexivity is a mechanism in human thinking and behavior which sets human action and controls it, of course, this mechanism is different in traditional culture in comparison to modern culture. This paper addresses reflexivity and the related factors among young citizens of Yazd city.    Materials and Methods  The research Approach used in the study was quantitative and the method was survey, with an analytical and descriptive goal. Data was collected by using researcher-designed questionnaire. Sample size was determined to be 384 cases, using Cochran's sample size formula. Multiple cluster sampling was used to sample, dividing the city into different areas of north, south and center area. Research validity is formal validity in which the items were evaluated by sociology professors. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which showed that the items are in an internal correlation with each other. The data was analyzed in SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  According to descriptive results, the Mean of reflexivity among respondents was 19/16 which is above of the scale mean (15). Most of respondents had a modest reflexivity ratio. Results showed that it is not significantly different between men and women. But there is a significant relationship between education and income with reflexivity. Mass media and cultural globalization with reflexivity are in a direct relationship, that is, as use of mass media is increased, the ratio of reflexivity increases too. There is a significant relationship between religiosity and reflexivity. Multivariate regression results showed that cultural globalization and religiosity are the most important predictors of reflexivity. These two variables alone explained 17 percent variance of reflexivity variable.  Generally, with respect to research results it can be said that Iranian society is a changing society and is experiencing fast changes in different aspects. This change, which has been accompanied by current structural and cultural transformations in a global scale, have led to a pluralism in the youths' social world life and consequently have formed new attitudes and values among them. One consequence of this situation is the formation and growth of a special kind of personal identity, which has reflexivity at its core. Information and communicative technologies have led people in different areas of the world to become more informed about different lifestyles, values and behavioral norms. The result of this process is the creation of new identities among youth.    Keywords: . Introduction  Living in a modern and global age has many crucial consequences for contemporary social actors. Transnational society or global culture is considered as a consequence of the modernization process, with a dynamic and mobile base, which is reflexivity in social life. Social life is encompassed with this fact that individuals' functions become continuously evaluated, modifying by fresh data, and the elements become fundamentally changed. Reflexivity about self and various aspects of life as well as choosing among different alternatives is an opportunity that modern society offers to people. Therefore, in modern society, humans review continuously their self as how, and what it should be. Reflexivity is a process of self-definition and redefinition by observing and focusing on information about possible ways of life. Reflexivity is a mechanism in human thinking and behavior which sets human action and controls it, of course, this mechanism is different in traditional culture in comparison to modern culture. This paper addresses reflexivity and the related factors among young citizens of Yazd city.    Materials and Methods  The research Approach used in the study was quantitative and the method was survey, with an analytical and descriptive goal. Data was collected by using researcher-designed questionnaire. Sample size was determined to be 384 cases, using Cochran's sample size formula. Multiple cluster sampling was used to sample, dividing the city into different areas of north, south and center area. Research validity is formal validity in which the items were evaluated by sociology professors. The reliability of the scale was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient which showed that the items are in an internal correlation with each other. The data was analyzed in SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  According to descriptive results, the Mean of reflexivity among respondents was 19/16 which is above of the scale mean (15). Most of respondents had a modest reflexivity ratio. Results showed that it is not significantly different between men and women. But there is a significant relationship between education and income with reflexivity. Mass media and cultural globalization with reflexivity are in a direct relationship, that is, as use of mass media is increased, the ratio of reflexivity increases too. There is a significant relationship between religiosity and reflexivity. Multivariate regression results showed that cultural globalization and religiosity are the most important predictors of reflexivity. These two variables alone explained 17 percent variance of reflexivity variable.  Generally, with respect to research results it can be said that Iranian society is a changing society and is experiencing fast changes in different aspects. This change, which has been accompanied by current structural and cultural transformations in a global scale, have led to a pluralism in the youths' social world life and consequently have formed new attitudes and values among them. One consequence of this situation is the formation and growth of a special kind of personal identity, which has reflexivity at its core. Information and communicative technologies have led people in different areas of the world to become more informed about different lifestyles, values and behavioral norms. The result of this process is the creation of new identities among youth.    Keywords: .https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18414_809a7edc8d28ea837544071e090753cd.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Students' Modernist Socio-Political Attitude in the View of Family and University EffectsStudents' Modernist Socio-Political Attitude in the View of Family and University Effects395618415FASeyyed AliHashemianfarAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranHamidDehghaniPh.D. Candidate in Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranMaghsoodFarasatkhahAssociate professor, Department of Development Planning, Institute of Research & Planning in Higher Education, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Attitude refers to a positive or negative orientation towards an object, a person, a particular group of people. The attitude construct continues to be a major focus of theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This paper examines how students' modernist socio-political attitudes may be influenced by their family and university. We want to know to what extent are people's attitudes related to their atmosphere. The major issue to be discussed here is whether or not attitudes have systematic and close relationship to their social setting. People's worldviews are important: they clearly affect the way people think and behave, at the personal, social and societal levels. Socio-political attitudes refer to a general ideological tendency based on attitudes and beliefs about socio-political issues (Hastie, 2007: 259). In this paper, socio-political attitudes are based on four dimensions, including democratic attitudes, liberalism, critical thinking and individualism. Alexander (2006) believes that to form a democracy we need special motives which are counter codes to nondemocratic ones. As he puts it, democracy depends on self control and individual initiatives, the people who compose it are described as being capable of activism and autonomy rather than as being passive and dependent. They are seen as rational and reasonable rather than irrational and hysterical, as calm rather than excited, as controlled rather than passionate, as sane and realistic rather than fantastical or mad (Alexander, 2006: 57). The family is the institution where human beings first experience non-heteronymous priority of the whole over the part. Family members do not relate to each other as independent persons but rather as members of a larger whole where they find their essential identity. For Hegel, this non-individualistic dimension of the family is important (Luther, 2009: 158). Family is the first and the most important social context through which inter-individual relationships are formed. Through this relationships and interactions one ' s mind is formed. The amount of parental influence over a young child ' s behavior and attitudes is so great that some authors have referred to childhood as a "total institution" comparable in its degree of control to confinement in a penal institution or a concentration camp. Parents have almost total control over the child ' s informational input, the behaviors demanded of the child, and the rewords and punishments meted out. Thus they have great power to shape the child ' s attitudes, particularly because the infant has no preexisting attitudes that would be contrary to the parental influence. Thus many childhood attitudes are probably a combination of the child ' s own experience and what he or she has heard parents say or seen them do.    Materials and Methods  This study performed by using survey method. The population of study consisted of all Isfahan University students. The sample size was calculated based on the indices t= 1.96, P=0.05 and q=0.5 using Cochranâs formula. Finally, a number of 360 students were selected as the participants using quota sampling method. Face validity of questionnaire was determined by experts' viewpoints. For measuring the reliability of the scales, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated. In some of the scales, a number of questions were deleted to provide an acceptable value of alpha. The minimum acceptable alpha coefficient was considered to be 0.70 in order to confirm the reliability of the variables.  Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software. To test the theoretical model and research's hypotheses we used structural equation modeling. We preferred structural equation modeling framework because it provides the researchers with tools to test the fitness of the model to the data and directly test the significance effects (Kline, 2005). In the tested model Attitudes and mass media are latent variables. Model fit indices such as CMIN/DF ratio, IFI, NFI, CFI, PCFI, RMSEA, were inspected.    Discussion of Results and Conclusions  This paper examines how university and family affect students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The results showed that the mean score of modernist socio-political attitudes among students was above average. Iranian society, particularly Iranian students, have been changing. Their attitudes toward modernity and socio-political issues have been changed. As the result shows, most of the students in research's population have modern socio-political attitudes. In the theoretical framework, we proposed three main hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the family communication patterns and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 2: There is a relationship between the social-political influence of university and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 3: There is a relationship between demographic variables (such as socio-economic status and gender) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The result of a two-variate regression shows that there is a positive relationship between the two independent variables (family communication patterns and demographic variables) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes, but there is not a significant relationship between the influence of university and students' attitudes.    Keywords: Introduction  Attitude refers to a positive or negative orientation towards an object, a person, a particular group of people. The attitude construct continues to be a major focus of theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This paper examines how students' modernist socio-political attitudes may be influenced by their family and university. We want to know to what extent are people's attitudes related to their atmosphere. The major issue to be discussed here is whether or not attitudes have systematic and close relationship to their social setting. People's worldviews are important: they clearly affect the way people think and behave, at the personal, social and societal levels. Socio-political attitudes refer to a general ideological tendency based on attitudes and beliefs about socio-political issues (Hastie, 2007: 259). In this paper, socio-political attitudes are based on four dimensions, including democratic attitudes, liberalism, critical thinking and individualism. Alexander (2006) believes that to form a democracy we need special motives which are counter codes to nondemocratic ones. As he puts it, democracy depends on self control and individual initiatives, the people who compose it are described as being capable of activism and autonomy rather than as being passive and dependent. They are seen as rational and reasonable rather than irrational and hysterical, as calm rather than excited, as controlled rather than passionate, as sane and realistic rather than fantastical or mad (Alexander, 2006: 57). The family is the institution where human beings first experience non-heteronymous priority of the whole over the part. Family members do not relate to each other as independent persons but rather as members of a larger whole where they find their essential identity. For Hegel, this non-individualistic dimension of the family is important (Luther, 2009: 158). Family is the first and the most important social context through which inter-individual relationships are formed. Through this relationships and interactions one ' s mind is formed. The amount of parental influence over a young child ' s behavior and attitudes is so great that some authors have referred to childhood as a "total institution" comparable in its degree of control to confinement in a penal institution or a concentration camp. Parents have almost total control over the child ' s informational input, the behaviors demanded of the child, and the rewords and punishments meted out. Thus they have great power to shape the child ' s attitudes, particularly because the infant has no preexisting attitudes that would be contrary to the parental influence. Thus many childhood attitudes are probably a combination of the child ' s own experience and what he or she has heard parents say or seen them do.    Materials and Methods  This study performed by using survey method. The population of study consisted of all Isfahan University students. The sample size was calculated based on the indices t= 1.96, P=0.05 and q=0.5 using Cochranâs formula. Finally, a number of 360 students were selected as the participants using quota sampling method. Face validity of questionnaire was determined by experts' viewpoints. For measuring the reliability of the scales, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated. In some of the scales, a number of questions were deleted to provide an acceptable value of alpha. The minimum acceptable alpha coefficient was considered to be 0.70 in order to confirm the reliability of the variables.  Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software. To test the theoretical model and research's hypotheses we used structural equation modeling. We preferred structural equation modeling framework because it provides the researchers with tools to test the fitness of the model to the data and directly test the significance effects (Kline, 2005). In the tested model Attitudes and mass media are latent variables. Model fit indices such as CMIN/DF ratio, IFI, NFI, CFI, PCFI, RMSEA, were inspected.    Discussion of Results and Conclusions  This paper examines how university and family affect students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The results showed that the mean score of modernist socio-political attitudes among students was above average. Iranian society, particularly Iranian students, have been changing. Their attitudes toward modernity and socio-political issues have been changed. As the result shows, most of the students in research's population have modern socio-political attitudes. In the theoretical framework, we proposed three main hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the family communication patterns and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 2: There is a relationship between the social-political influence of university and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. 3: There is a relationship between demographic variables (such as socio-economic status and gender) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes. The result of a two-variate regression shows that there is a positive relationship between the two independent variables (family communication patterns and demographic variables) and students' modernist socio-political attitudes, but there is not a significant relationship between the influence of university and students' attitudes.    Keywords:https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18415_4ddb7de94caef8f01bfe5bfff48dd9b8.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522A Study of Factors Influencing Social Exclusion of the Elderly in Varamin CityA Study of Factors Influencing Social Exclusion of the Elderly in Varamin City577418408FAMahdiehLarijaniMA. in Social Welfare and Planning, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranAli AkbarTajmazinaniAssistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  With the growing trend of ageing in countries such as Iran, the issue of old population and its implications have become of prominent importance. Ageing coefficient of Iranian population in the year 2011 was 24.35 percent, which has increased nearly 14% compared to 1998. Increase in the countryâs population today is much more noticeable than any time before. Since the problems of the elderly have become a global concern, United Nations has named the year 1999 as âInternational Year of the Elderlyâ. One of the most important topics with regard to the elderly is their social exclusion. Exclusion of the elderly exposes them at risk of mental and physical problems. These people are vulnerable to many problems such as financial shortfalls, disability, illness, especially when the decline of pensions and social activities undermines their morale. Responding to needs of the elderly is very important at this stage of their lives in order to avoid experiencing social exclusion. Ageing of the population, especially the elderly, for countries seeking to provide the security and welfare of older people are a real challenge. On the other hand, costs of increasing elderly population and ignorance of this group for society makes the need for this research. In this research, we study effective factors on social exclusion among Varaminâs elderly. To provide a theoretical framework for the research, various sociological theories, ageing theories and theories of social exclusion were reviewed. Finally, a multilevel analysis model of social exclusion was devised based on a combination of the relevant theories.   Materials & Methods  The study was conducted using the survey method. Number of respondents, according to Cochran formula, is 378 persons, selected by using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire constructed by the researcher. For data analysis, SPSS program, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. To assess the validity and reliability of the research, content validity and Cronbachâs alpha coefficient were used. Cronbachâs alpha for the social exclusion variable was 0.80 and 0.94 for value orientation.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  Descriptive analysis of the respondentsâ profile showed that most of them were illiterate followed by those with a higher school diploma. The monthly income of 33% of the elderly was between 600 and 800 thousand Tomans. In terms of cultural capital and socio-economic status, approximately 60% of the elderly were belonging to a low-level category. The majority of respondents tended to hold fatalistic value orientation, with women showing more fatalism than men.  In terms of social exclusion, it was the case for 10% of Varaminâs elderly to experience a relatively high level of social exclusion. The majority of them (nearly 74%) experienced a medium level of exclusion while 16% were not excluded at all. Generally, women experienced more exclusion than men.  The results of inferential statistics indicate that gender, cultural capital, socio-economic status, and value orientation are associated with social exclusion. In other words, the social exclusion of women are more than men and elderly with higher cultural capital, socio-economic status and value orientation face fewer social exclusion. According to Bourdieu, cultural capital is accumulated during the socialization of the individual. Those who fail to make use of cultural goods, has no ability to prove their permanent interests. Weber completed the Marx theory, outlined the concept of socio-economic status and believed that a personâs social prestige will be determined in this way. Here, too, the elderly with higher socio-economic status have less social exclusion. Finally the results showed that greatest variance of social exclusion is explained by socio-economic status and cultural capital.      Introduction  With the growing trend of ageing in countries such as Iran, the issue of old population and its implications have become of prominent importance. Ageing coefficient of Iranian population in the year 2011 was 24.35 percent, which has increased nearly 14% compared to 1998. Increase in the countryâs population today is much more noticeable than any time before. Since the problems of the elderly have become a global concern, United Nations has named the year 1999 as âInternational Year of the Elderlyâ. One of the most important topics with regard to the elderly is their social exclusion. Exclusion of the elderly exposes them at risk of mental and physical problems. These people are vulnerable to many problems such as financial shortfalls, disability, illness, especially when the decline of pensions and social activities undermines their morale. Responding to needs of the elderly is very important at this stage of their lives in order to avoid experiencing social exclusion. Ageing of the population, especially the elderly, for countries seeking to provide the security and welfare of older people are a real challenge. On the other hand, costs of increasing elderly population and ignorance of this group for society makes the need for this research. In this research, we study effective factors on social exclusion among Varaminâs elderly. To provide a theoretical framework for the research, various sociological theories, ageing theories and theories of social exclusion were reviewed. Finally, a multilevel analysis model of social exclusion was devised based on a combination of the relevant theories.   Materials & Methods  The study was conducted using the survey method. Number of respondents, according to Cochran formula, is 378 persons, selected by using stratified random sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire constructed by the researcher. For data analysis, SPSS program, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. To assess the validity and reliability of the research, content validity and Cronbachâs alpha coefficient were used. Cronbachâs alpha for the social exclusion variable was 0.80 and 0.94 for value orientation.   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  Descriptive analysis of the respondentsâ profile showed that most of them were illiterate followed by those with a higher school diploma. The monthly income of 33% of the elderly was between 600 and 800 thousand Tomans. In terms of cultural capital and socio-economic status, approximately 60% of the elderly were belonging to a low-level category. The majority of respondents tended to hold fatalistic value orientation, with women showing more fatalism than men.  In terms of social exclusion, it was the case for 10% of Varaminâs elderly to experience a relatively high level of social exclusion. The majority of them (nearly 74%) experienced a medium level of exclusion while 16% were not excluded at all. Generally, women experienced more exclusion than men.  The results of inferential statistics indicate that gender, cultural capital, socio-economic status, and value orientation are associated with social exclusion. In other words, the social exclusion of women are more than men and elderly with higher cultural capital, socio-economic status and value orientation face fewer social exclusion. According to Bourdieu, cultural capital is accumulated during the socialization of the individual. Those who fail to make use of cultural goods, has no ability to prove their permanent interests. Weber completed the Marx theory, outlined the concept of socio-economic status and believed that a personâs social prestige will be determined in this way. Here, too, the elderly with higher socio-economic status have less social exclusion. Finally the results showed that greatest variance of social exclusion is explained by socio-economic status and cultural capital.     https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18408_4f9182ead5aa715f7da4daa5c18ab88a.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522An Analysis of Co-Authorship Network in the Iranian SociologyAn Analysis of Co-Authorship Network in the Iranian Sociology759818412FAMostafaAlizadehM.A. in Social Sciences Research, University of Mazandaran, IranHaiderJanalizadeh ChoobbastiAssociate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Among written academic collaborations, collaborating on writing scientific, research papers have a privileged position. It can show the rate of scientific development in any specialized discipline. T his study investigated the development of sociology in Iran through analyzing the co-authorship network in three main journal of "Iranian Journal of Sociology "," Sociological Studies " (a former Journal of Social Science) and "Quarterly Journal of Social Sciencesâ of Allameh Tabatabai University, during the years 2003-2012. The two main aims were: 1) drawing the structure of co-authorship network and, 2) identifying prolific authors of the structure. The theoretical motif of this study was Collins ideas in the sociology of science. Collins believes that the trajectory of action for everyone at every moment depends on his/her location in the local social structure. The local social structure is the position of the individual in interaction network ( Collins, 2002) . He believes that in the process of generating any idea by a person, the decisive factor is his/her local structure of opportunity. The relationships of individual with the kinds of people determine how much and what kind of cultural capital can be transferred to him/her. The quality of these relationships determines his/her emotional energy. His/her position in the network in centrality or isolation depends on the fluctuation of his/her emotional energy. The more cultural capital and emotional energy have ascribed by everyone, the more increase in his/her status in the local structure of opportunity, affecting his/her creativity and publications positively.    Materials & Methods  The research data was produced through consideration of each article and entering the appropriate information in Excel software. After performing statistical calculations and drawing diagrams in this software, relational data has been generated and was transferred to the Social Network Analysis Software, PAJEK. Using this software, collaboration networks were drawn and calculation of network analysis indicators was performed. To study co-authorship network, indicators such as density, average degree, clustering coefficient, layout of components and their arrangement were used and the cumulative structure of scientific collaborations of the Iranian sociologists were analyzed and interpreted. Using indicators of centrality, the effective and important authors in the process of network communications were studied .   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The scrutiny of co-authorship network among the prolific authors of the three journals did show that three main attitudes can be recognized: 1) some of the authors do not have a tendency to collaborate at all. For instance, Jalaeepour published nine articles alone. Therefore, he did not attend in the network eternally. 2) The second group was highly eager to publish with others. Tavassoli and Azad Armarki were two outstanding scholars in this group. For example: Tavassoli published nine articles with others (out of his 11 articles). 3) The third group of the authors covered both the above mentioned attitudes Late Mohammed Abdullahi has been placed in this group. It could be concluded that a high rate of publication by a scholar alone shows his strong emotional energy. The results also indicate that because of the lack of normativity in scientific relations at the Iranian sociology, necessarily personsâ creativity and scientific productivity did not depend on their local structure of opportunity. Co-authorship network composed of distributed components and size of density is low . The largest component contains 109 vertices (almost 25 percent of the network vertices) . About half of the components have been dual and indeed separated of the whole network . Academic collaboration network density was about 0.08 it means that only eight percent of the possible relationships among the universities are established . Therefore, the development of this knowledge in Iran is faced with serious doubt . Late Mohammed Abdullahi was known as the top sociologist in terms of his scientific productivity as well as its quality along with the highest cultural capital and emotional energy .    Introduction  Among written academic collaborations, collaborating on writing scientific, research papers have a privileged position. It can show the rate of scientific development in any specialized discipline. T his study investigated the development of sociology in Iran through analyzing the co-authorship network in three main journal of "Iranian Journal of Sociology "," Sociological Studies " (a former Journal of Social Science) and "Quarterly Journal of Social Sciencesâ of Allameh Tabatabai University, during the years 2003-2012. The two main aims were: 1) drawing the structure of co-authorship network and, 2) identifying prolific authors of the structure. The theoretical motif of this study was Collins ideas in the sociology of science. Collins believes that the trajectory of action for everyone at every moment depends on his/her location in the local social structure. The local social structure is the position of the individual in interaction network ( Collins, 2002) . He believes that in the process of generating any idea by a person, the decisive factor is his/her local structure of opportunity. The relationships of individual with the kinds of people determine how much and what kind of cultural capital can be transferred to him/her. The quality of these relationships determines his/her emotional energy. His/her position in the network in centrality or isolation depends on the fluctuation of his/her emotional energy. The more cultural capital and emotional energy have ascribed by everyone, the more increase in his/her status in the local structure of opportunity, affecting his/her creativity and publications positively.    Materials & Methods  The research data was produced through consideration of each article and entering the appropriate information in Excel software. After performing statistical calculations and drawing diagrams in this software, relational data has been generated and was transferred to the Social Network Analysis Software, PAJEK. Using this software, collaboration networks were drawn and calculation of network analysis indicators was performed. To study co-authorship network, indicators such as density, average degree, clustering coefficient, layout of components and their arrangement were used and the cumulative structure of scientific collaborations of the Iranian sociologists were analyzed and interpreted. Using indicators of centrality, the effective and important authors in the process of network communications were studied .   Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The scrutiny of co-authorship network among the prolific authors of the three journals did show that three main attitudes can be recognized: 1) some of the authors do not have a tendency to collaborate at all. For instance, Jalaeepour published nine articles alone. Therefore, he did not attend in the network eternally. 2) The second group was highly eager to publish with others. Tavassoli and Azad Armarki were two outstanding scholars in this group. For example: Tavassoli published nine articles with others (out of his 11 articles). 3) The third group of the authors covered both the above mentioned attitudes Late Mohammed Abdullahi has been placed in this group. It could be concluded that a high rate of publication by a scholar alone shows his strong emotional energy. The results also indicate that because of the lack of normativity in scientific relations at the Iranian sociology, necessarily personsâ creativity and scientific productivity did not depend on their local structure of opportunity. Co-authorship network composed of distributed components and size of density is low . The largest component contains 109 vertices (almost 25 percent of the network vertices) . About half of the components have been dual and indeed separated of the whole network . Academic collaboration network density was about 0.08 it means that only eight percent of the possible relationships among the universities are established . Therefore, the development of this knowledge in Iran is faced with serious doubt . Late Mohammed Abdullahi was known as the top sociologist in terms of his scientific productivity as well as its quality along with the highest cultural capital and emotional energy .   https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18412_ae84f9e2e70708b26b63674631b346e3.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Relationship between Social Factors and Social Health among Students of Shahid Bahonar University of KermanRelationship between Social Factors and Social Health among Students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman9911618405FATayebehNikvarzM.A in Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, IranLeilaYazdanpanahAssistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  The present article examines relationship between social health and social factors responsible for its increase or decrease, since health is an important factor in all societies, and is one of the most basic human needs in life. Social health, along physical and psychological health, is fundamentally important for general health. It could be shown in one's evaluation of his or her social life and its quality. So investigation about the social health of male and female students as an important social group has been the main purpose of this article. This study is based on a research in Kerman on the basis of key theories in the field of social health with five dimensions of social integration, acceptance, contribution, coherence and actuation.    Materials and Methods  The study is a survey using questionnaire along with interview with the students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. It includes 375 male and female students currently studying at the university, who are selected by random classified sampling method. It is worth mentioning that different courses are selected according to the number of male and female students in each nine faculties of the University. Data are analyzed with SPSS and different statistical tests were utilized.   Discussion of Results and Conclusions  Overall, 51.2% of the selected students are female and 48.8% are male, of whom 79.7% are single with the average age of 22 and only 17% are employed.  The finding shows that the average social health among male students is slightly higher that female students and in other respects there are meaningful differences between the two sexes in a way that average social contribution among male students is higher than female students and average social actuation is higher among female students than male ones. When it comes to social coherence, they are close to each other.  Upon further examination of the data, it became clear that social trust, social contribution, accessibility of facilities and services, selfâevaluation of social class, family, marriage status, employment, place of birth and the major of the student, all are in meaningful relationships with social health. Also 54% of the changes of the variance of social health are explained by two factors of social trust and contribution.  In general it can be said that lack of contribution to social activities and lack of trust are two barriers for stepping into social settings. In such a situation, one feels that there is no common point between personal and social values and becomes indifferent and trustless regarding social norms (decline of social integration).  Therefore one feels that social fate depends on external structures and not on social components, and does not fell any potential ability for the process of evaluation (decline of social actuation). With this mentality people may feel that society is so complicated that it is difficult to understand and predict the future (decline of social coherence). Therefore positive attitude towards society and even people is distorted (decline of social acceptance).  When these attitudes are created one loses his ability and feels that he has no role in the progress and future of his society (decline of social contribution) and so his social health decreases. This results in contradiction in his personality, distortion of social behavior and expansion of fraud, social abnormalities, delinquencies, etc.  Therefore social health is an important factor in accepting social norms which enables the person to create a positive balance and avoids unfavorable responses. People who possess social health can face with life challenges and have a better function in society.  Since one of the main factors responsible for social health is social trust, we supposed that increase in social health depends on increase in trust to others and social institutions. One way to increase social health, therefore, is to present clear information, respecting rules and focusing on needs and aspirations of the young.     Introduction  The present article examines relationship between social health and social factors responsible for its increase or decrease, since health is an important factor in all societies, and is one of the most basic human needs in life. Social health, along physical and psychological health, is fundamentally important for general health. It could be shown in one's evaluation of his or her social life and its quality. So investigation about the social health of male and female students as an important social group has been the main purpose of this article. This study is based on a research in Kerman on the basis of key theories in the field of social health with five dimensions of social integration, acceptance, contribution, coherence and actuation.    Materials and Methods  The study is a survey using questionnaire along with interview with the students of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. It includes 375 male and female students currently studying at the university, who are selected by random classified sampling method. It is worth mentioning that different courses are selected according to the number of male and female students in each nine faculties of the University. Data are analyzed with SPSS and different statistical tests were utilized.   Discussion of Results and Conclusions  Overall, 51.2% of the selected students are female and 48.8% are male, of whom 79.7% are single with the average age of 22 and only 17% are employed.  The finding shows that the average social health among male students is slightly higher that female students and in other respects there are meaningful differences between the two sexes in a way that average social contribution among male students is higher than female students and average social actuation is higher among female students than male ones. When it comes to social coherence, they are close to each other.  Upon further examination of the data, it became clear that social trust, social contribution, accessibility of facilities and services, selfâevaluation of social class, family, marriage status, employment, place of birth and the major of the student, all are in meaningful relationships with social health. Also 54% of the changes of the variance of social health are explained by two factors of social trust and contribution.  In general it can be said that lack of contribution to social activities and lack of trust are two barriers for stepping into social settings. In such a situation, one feels that there is no common point between personal and social values and becomes indifferent and trustless regarding social norms (decline of social integration).  Therefore one feels that social fate depends on external structures and not on social components, and does not fell any potential ability for the process of evaluation (decline of social actuation). With this mentality people may feel that society is so complicated that it is difficult to understand and predict the future (decline of social coherence). Therefore positive attitude towards society and even people is distorted (decline of social acceptance).  When these attitudes are created one loses his ability and feels that he has no role in the progress and future of his society (decline of social contribution) and so his social health decreases. This results in contradiction in his personality, distortion of social behavior and expansion of fraud, social abnormalities, delinquencies, etc.  Therefore social health is an important factor in accepting social norms which enables the person to create a positive balance and avoids unfavorable responses. People who possess social health can face with life challenges and have a better function in society.  Since one of the main factors responsible for social health is social trust, we supposed that increase in social health depends on increase in trust to others and social institutions. One way to increase social health, therefore, is to present clear information, respecting rules and focusing on needs and aspirations of the young.    https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18405_ea81fef3943dcf3a42621a2bb8d24def.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Religious Identity in Iranian Society: A Systematic Review of Previous Studies (2001-2013)Religious Identity in Iranian Society: A Systematic Review of Previous Studies (2001-2013)11713818416FAAliGhanbari BarzianAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranRezaHemmatiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Religious identity is a prominent element of social cohesion. Religious identity involves a level of social identity that corresponds with "we" or religious community, and represents a sense of belonging and commitment to the religion and religious community. Religion essentially provides cognitive, ideological, sociological and spiritual resource for identity (Furrow et al 2004). Accordingly, religion locates mainly on the center of individual and group identity (Seul 1999). Religious communities and systems of meaning, are the resources for sense of interest (belonging to another) and approval (as a basis of self-esteem), and in fact, encourage individual excellence and actuality. Religious groups are also considered an important factor in social relations and are responsible for vitality, happiness and general enthusiasm of their followers (Hajiani 2000). Certainly, religious identity is a certain kind of identity formation. It is defined by a sense of group membership to religion and its importance regard to the self-concept. Religious identity is not necessarily equated with religiousness and religiosity . Although these concepts have some overlaps, religiousness and religiosity point to the significance and value of belonging to religious groups and participating in religious events, but religious identity particularly indicates membership in a religious group without participation in religious activities (Arweck and Nesbitt 2010). Also, although religion is faith-based institution and religiosity is practice to its rituals, but religious identity refers to how people understand themselves as religious persons, who accept spiritual and religious values and beliefs within faith community. Therefore, religious identity is a collective identity, which includes membership in religious groups, acceptance of belief system, commitment to religious groups and values, and practices ally with religion. Although there is substantial literature on identity, evidence suggests that the role of religion in shaping individuals' and group's identity is widely ignored. However, a growing number of studies have begun to take into consideration the key role of religion (Arweck & Nesbitt 2010, King and Boyatzis 2004, Peek 2005). This article has attempted to review systematically previous research and conceptualizations on the religious identity based on national studies and surveys and academic dissertations.   Materials and Methods  As mentioned, the purpose of this study was to review the results of some influential researches in the field of religious identity. To get this purpose, one of the best known methods for reviewing previous studies, a systematic review, was applied. Systematic review deals with establishing and synthesizing of researches and evidences with focus on a specific question. This occurs through the organized, transparent, formal, clear and flexible procedures and processes. A systematic review of research is not limited to review the history and this overview and review can be used in different levels, fields and goals. During the first phase of the study, terms of "religious identity", "Islamic identity", "Iranian identity" and "religious identity" was searched at libraries and research centers and in databases such as Center for Scientific Information Database (SID), a database of Iranian journals and magazines (Magiran), Noor specialized journals database, and Science and Information Technology Institute (IrnaDoc). After reviewing the gathered documents and specifying its relationship with the object and purpose of the study, a total of 47 documents were selected. Documents based on the five major parameter were summarized and reviewed: 1-general information, 2-goals and research questions, 3-research methodology, 4-variables, 5-findings    Discussion of Results and Conclusion  Findings show that in the highest percentage (38.2%) of researches, religious identity has been studied as the dependent variable. By contrast, in less than 15 % of the researches, religious identity has been examined as independent variable. Only 29.7 % of studies were descriptive and only religious profile and dimensions have been studied. About 10.6 % of researches were descriptive and have tried to examine relationship between religious identity with other aspects such as national identity and ethnic identity. Finally, in 6.3 % of studies content of various documents such as textbooks have been analyzed.  Results showed that among respondents, attitudinal and behavioral aspects of religious identity did not quite consistent with each other. Although a significant part of respondents, considered themselves as religious, but did not adhere as much to the religious practices and rituals. In general, women had a stronger religious identity. In most researches, religious identity had an inverse relationship between levels of education. Also there was positive correlation among level of age and religiosity.  Generally, religious identity in these studies was assessed positively. Studies showed that there was coexistent relationship between religious identity and rival identities (national identity and ethnic identity). But there were no relationship between religious identity and modern and global identities. Religious identity was the first and most important identity that people know of and define themselves with. Examining the strength of national, religious, global and ethnic identities showed that religious identity is in the first place and national, ethnic and global identities came next.  Detailed analysis demonstrated that among independent variables, new media (the Internet, satellite and mobile) had the highest effect on religious identity and globalization was next. Attitude toward reference groups, mental health, television programs, family, cultural capital, social capital, symbolic capital, were among independent variables that had a high frequency. About 10 percent of studies examined religious identity as independent variable. In these researches, effect of variables such as mental health and optimism, social identity, national identity, happiness, and social and political participation on religious identity was investigated.  Finally, the results showed that reductionism (reducing the sense of religiosity to religious identity), conceptual distortion (dispersion and a break in the conceptual and operational definitions of the indicators of religious identity and the lack of coverage of all dimensions) and lack of a coherent theoretical and methodological basis (using small tools, lack of discipline and consistency in the choice of theories and theoretical framework) were the main weaknesses of measures of religious identity.   Introduction  Religious identity is a prominent element of social cohesion. Religious identity involves a level of social identity that corresponds with "we" or religious community, and represents a sense of belonging and commitment to the religion and religious community. Religion essentially provides cognitive, ideological, sociological and spiritual resource for identity (Furrow et al 2004). Accordingly, religion locates mainly on the center of individual and group identity (Seul 1999). Religious communities and systems of meaning, are the resources for sense of interest (belonging to another) and approval (as a basis of self-esteem), and in fact, encourage individual excellence and actuality. Religious groups are also considered an important factor in social relations and are responsible for vitality, happiness and general enthusiasm of their followers (Hajiani 2000). Certainly, religious identity is a certain kind of identity formation. It is defined by a sense of group membership to religion and its importance regard to the self-concept. Religious identity is not necessarily equated with religiousness and religiosity . Although these concepts have some overlaps, religiousness and religiosity point to the significance and value of belonging to religious groups and participating in religious events, but religious identity particularly indicates membership in a religious group without participation in religious activities (Arweck and Nesbitt 2010). Also, although religion is faith-based institution and religiosity is practice to its rituals, but religious identity refers to how people understand themselves as religious persons, who accept spiritual and religious values and beliefs within faith community. Therefore, religious identity is a collective identity, which includes membership in religious groups, acceptance of belief system, commitment to religious groups and values, and practices ally with religion. Although there is substantial literature on identity, evidence suggests that the role of religion in shaping individuals' and group's identity is widely ignored. However, a growing number of studies have begun to take into consideration the key role of religion (Arweck & Nesbitt 2010, King and Boyatzis 2004, Peek 2005). This article has attempted to review systematically previous research and conceptualizations on the religious identity based on national studies and surveys and academic dissertations.   Materials and Methods  As mentioned, the purpose of this study was to review the results of some influential researches in the field of religious identity. To get this purpose, one of the best known methods for reviewing previous studies, a systematic review, was applied. Systematic review deals with establishing and synthesizing of researches and evidences with focus on a specific question. This occurs through the organized, transparent, formal, clear and flexible procedures and processes. A systematic review of research is not limited to review the history and this overview and review can be used in different levels, fields and goals. During the first phase of the study, terms of "religious identity", "Islamic identity", "Iranian identity" and "religious identity" was searched at libraries and research centers and in databases such as Center for Scientific Information Database (SID), a database of Iranian journals and magazines (Magiran), Noor specialized journals database, and Science and Information Technology Institute (IrnaDoc). After reviewing the gathered documents and specifying its relationship with the object and purpose of the study, a total of 47 documents were selected. Documents based on the five major parameter were summarized and reviewed: 1-general information, 2-goals and research questions, 3-research methodology, 4-variables, 5-findings    Discussion of Results and Conclusion  Findings show that in the highest percentage (38.2%) of researches, religious identity has been studied as the dependent variable. By contrast, in less than 15 % of the researches, religious identity has been examined as independent variable. Only 29.7 % of studies were descriptive and only religious profile and dimensions have been studied. About 10.6 % of researches were descriptive and have tried to examine relationship between religious identity with other aspects such as national identity and ethnic identity. Finally, in 6.3 % of studies content of various documents such as textbooks have been analyzed.  Results showed that among respondents, attitudinal and behavioral aspects of religious identity did not quite consistent with each other. Although a significant part of respondents, considered themselves as religious, but did not adhere as much to the religious practices and rituals. In general, women had a stronger religious identity. In most researches, religious identity had an inverse relationship between levels of education. Also there was positive correlation among level of age and religiosity.  Generally, religious identity in these studies was assessed positively. Studies showed that there was coexistent relationship between religious identity and rival identities (national identity and ethnic identity). But there were no relationship between religious identity and modern and global identities. Religious identity was the first and most important identity that people know of and define themselves with. Examining the strength of national, religious, global and ethnic identities showed that religious identity is in the first place and national, ethnic and global identities came next.  Detailed analysis demonstrated that among independent variables, new media (the Internet, satellite and mobile) had the highest effect on religious identity and globalization was next. Attitude toward reference groups, mental health, television programs, family, cultural capital, social capital, symbolic capital, were among independent variables that had a high frequency. About 10 percent of studies examined religious identity as independent variable. In these researches, effect of variables such as mental health and optimism, social identity, national identity, happiness, and social and political participation on religious identity was investigated.  Finally, the results showed that reductionism (reducing the sense of religiosity to religious identity), conceptual distortion (dispersion and a break in the conceptual and operational definitions of the indicators of religious identity and the lack of coverage of all dimensions) and lack of a coherent theoretical and methodological basis (using small tools, lack of discipline and consistency in the choice of theories and theoretical framework) were the main weaknesses of measures of religious identity.  https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18416_e18e67fe0d8d612065680c24d24a0e5f.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Social Happiness and Social ParticipationSocial Happiness and Social Participation13916018407FANazilaAkhshiMA. student of Sociology, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz, IranFatemehGolabiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Social happiness is part of the social welfare component and depends more on social and economic determinants than on psychological and medical interventions. Meanwhile , it is one of the core concepts of sustainable development. Being happy is just one of the desirable wishes of life in every society . A nation is fresher and certainly wealthier when its citizens are happy. In this type of society , citizens have optimistic attitudes towards life and things around them. From 2000 onwards, variables such as happiness, hope in future , pleasure and satisfaction have been included as key variables in UN debates to determine level of development s in countries . This phenomenon is measured by the density of social networks and relationships , in many studies is associated with social health and happiness (Kawachi, 2008). Durkheim showed that suicide rates in populations with low levels of participation and social cohesion were more than cohesive communities (Halpern, 2005). Theorists argue that when people reach to a desired location or target , they become happy . According to Lerner, new communities are participatory societies in which modernization process is advanced , a move from traditional society to participatory society is inevitable. In t his view, economic participation means increased activity in the market and an increase in income, political participation means participation in elections , cultural participation means utilization of mass media and emotional involvement means empathy and psychological mobility (Lerner 1969: 86) .    Materials & Methods  This is quantitative study based on survey. We used Descriptive statistics and indicators such as dispersion and mean , standard deviation , minimum and maximum scores. For inferential statistics and to test the hypotheses, we used Pearson 's correlation coefficient and analysis of variance . A lso for explaining the social happiness variable , a stepwise multiple regression equation was used. Research population include all students of Azad University, branch of Ardebil, whose total number was 10223 at the year 2012-1213, of whom a sample of 370 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling method.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between participation and happiness , which is in line with the results of other empirical investigations by Akbarpour beny and colleagues (2011 ), Eliasi (2002 ) and Neshatdoost et al. (2009 ) and Haller and Hadlr (2006 ). Similar to Hezarjarib and Astinfeshan research ( 2010), social happiness in our study was in a moderate level. At the same time , this research is in line with safari's research (2010 ) regarding lack of a significant relationship between discipline and marital status with social happiness .  Likewise, the results emphasize the lack of a significant difference between males and females in social participation and happiness . But Similar to Eddington and Showmen 's research (2004 ), female subjects seem to be happier than male ones . In this study , the three dimensions of participation , and collaborative spirit have a greater impact on social happiness , which is in line with the results of Larson (2000 ) and Peterson ( 2000 ). By looking at different aspects of happiness, it becomes clear that respondents obtain high scores in personal dimension, but in social dimension this score is lower . This is consistent with Lyubomirsky and colleaguesâ research (2005).   Introduction  Social happiness is part of the social welfare component and depends more on social and economic determinants than on psychological and medical interventions. Meanwhile , it is one of the core concepts of sustainable development. Being happy is just one of the desirable wishes of life in every society . A nation is fresher and certainly wealthier when its citizens are happy. In this type of society , citizens have optimistic attitudes towards life and things around them. From 2000 onwards, variables such as happiness, hope in future , pleasure and satisfaction have been included as key variables in UN debates to determine level of development s in countries . This phenomenon is measured by the density of social networks and relationships , in many studies is associated with social health and happiness (Kawachi, 2008). Durkheim showed that suicide rates in populations with low levels of participation and social cohesion were more than cohesive communities (Halpern, 2005). Theorists argue that when people reach to a desired location or target , they become happy . According to Lerner, new communities are participatory societies in which modernization process is advanced , a move from traditional society to participatory society is inevitable. In t his view, economic participation means increased activity in the market and an increase in income, political participation means participation in elections , cultural participation means utilization of mass media and emotional involvement means empathy and psychological mobility (Lerner 1969: 86) .    Materials & Methods  This is quantitative study based on survey. We used Descriptive statistics and indicators such as dispersion and mean , standard deviation , minimum and maximum scores. For inferential statistics and to test the hypotheses, we used Pearson 's correlation coefficient and analysis of variance . A lso for explaining the social happiness variable , a stepwise multiple regression equation was used. Research population include all students of Azad University, branch of Ardebil, whose total number was 10223 at the year 2012-1213, of whom a sample of 370 individuals was selected using stratified random sampling method.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between participation and happiness , which is in line with the results of other empirical investigations by Akbarpour beny and colleagues (2011 ), Eliasi (2002 ) and Neshatdoost et al. (2009 ) and Haller and Hadlr (2006 ). Similar to Hezarjarib and Astinfeshan research ( 2010), social happiness in our study was in a moderate level. At the same time , this research is in line with safari's research (2010 ) regarding lack of a significant relationship between discipline and marital status with social happiness .  Likewise, the results emphasize the lack of a significant difference between males and females in social participation and happiness . But Similar to Eddington and Showmen 's research (2004 ), female subjects seem to be happier than male ones . In this study , the three dimensions of participation , and collaborative spirit have a greater impact on social happiness , which is in line with the results of Larson (2000 ) and Peterson ( 2000 ). By looking at different aspects of happiness, it becomes clear that respondents obtain high scores in personal dimension, but in social dimension this score is lower . This is consistent with Lyubomirsky and colleaguesâ research (2005).  https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18407_144818b959f6c260a31f520da47be0ec.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Sociological Explanation of the Relationship between Family's Social Capital and Children's Educational AchievementSociological Explanation of the Relationship between Family's Social Capital and Children's Educational Achievement16117218411FASharbanoGhazanfariM.A. In Sociology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranHosseinKordiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Type of family relationship in terms of both quality and quantity is important. It is believed that family's social relationships can influence children's educational performance. In fact, in the literature of the sociology of the family, this is knows as social capital , which is undoubtedly effective on the education of children. It is important to acknowledge that the achievement or failure of educational goals among children cannot reduced to the institution of education alone. Family characteristics , such as social capital should be considered , too. Therefore, to know the full extent of the role of families in the educational achievement of children it is very important to consider all aspects. The present research tries to study the relationship between family social capital and achievement motivation among female students.    Materials & Methods  The statistical population of this research includes all female students who are in grade 3 in Sari in Mazandaran province in governmental schools and in the fields of (1) mathematics and physics (2) experimental sciences, (3) and the humanities. By using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated (326) and collected by means of multistage cluster sampling method. In this research, two kinds questionnaire have been used: family social capital questionnaire and Herman's achievement motivation questionnaire. To perform the analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis have been used.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results show that there are meaningful relationships between the variables of social capital within the family, social capital outside of the family, and mixed variables of family social capital with achievement motivation and educational achievement. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, it is clear that the variables of social capital in family (0.43), social capital outside of the family (0.31), and achievement motivation (0.28) have the strongest relationship with dependent variable, which is educational achievement. So, based on correlation results, there is a strong statistical relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. The results and findings of path analysis also show that social capital in family (with 0.43 direct effect coefficient and 0.26 indirect effect coefficient), and social capital outside the family (with 0.31 direct effect coefficient and 0.11 indirect effect coefficient), have meaningful impacts, both directly and indirectly, on dependent variable. Also, the finding of path analysis shows that achievement motivation is an intermediate variable.  The results of this research imply that the majority of students with high educational achievement also have a high level of family social capital ( social capital within the family and social capital outside of the family ). There seems to be a direct correlation between educational achievement and social capital . Results show that , ever - increasing levels of social capital within the family leads to more achievement in children's education , and vice versa. Overall, the findings show a relatively strong relationship between social capital 's effects on educational achievement in children. These results confirm the findings of Lichter and colleague (1994 ) and Teachman and colleagues (1996 ), as well as the study of Hung (2009 ) and some studies in other countries. Likewise, some result are consistent with previous studies in Iran, including the study of Mehri (2005 ), Salarzadeh and Mahbobi ( 2009), Noghni and colleagues (2012 ).      Introduction  Type of family relationship in terms of both quality and quantity is important. It is believed that family's social relationships can influence children's educational performance. In fact, in the literature of the sociology of the family, this is knows as social capital , which is undoubtedly effective on the education of children. It is important to acknowledge that the achievement or failure of educational goals among children cannot reduced to the institution of education alone. Family characteristics , such as social capital should be considered , too. Therefore, to know the full extent of the role of families in the educational achievement of children it is very important to consider all aspects. The present research tries to study the relationship between family social capital and achievement motivation among female students.    Materials & Methods  The statistical population of this research includes all female students who are in grade 3 in Sari in Mazandaran province in governmental schools and in the fields of (1) mathematics and physics (2) experimental sciences, (3) and the humanities. By using Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated (326) and collected by means of multistage cluster sampling method. In this research, two kinds questionnaire have been used: family social capital questionnaire and Herman's achievement motivation questionnaire. To perform the analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis and path analysis have been used.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results show that there are meaningful relationships between the variables of social capital within the family, social capital outside of the family, and mixed variables of family social capital with achievement motivation and educational achievement. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, it is clear that the variables of social capital in family (0.43), social capital outside of the family (0.31), and achievement motivation (0.28) have the strongest relationship with dependent variable, which is educational achievement. So, based on correlation results, there is a strong statistical relationship between independent variables and dependent variable. The results and findings of path analysis also show that social capital in family (with 0.43 direct effect coefficient and 0.26 indirect effect coefficient), and social capital outside the family (with 0.31 direct effect coefficient and 0.11 indirect effect coefficient), have meaningful impacts, both directly and indirectly, on dependent variable. Also, the finding of path analysis shows that achievement motivation is an intermediate variable.  The results of this research imply that the majority of students with high educational achievement also have a high level of family social capital ( social capital within the family and social capital outside of the family ). There seems to be a direct correlation between educational achievement and social capital . Results show that , ever - increasing levels of social capital within the family leads to more achievement in children's education , and vice versa. Overall, the findings show a relatively strong relationship between social capital 's effects on educational achievement in children. These results confirm the findings of Lichter and colleague (1994 ) and Teachman and colleagues (1996 ), as well as the study of Hung (2009 ) and some studies in other countries. Likewise, some result are consistent with previous studies in Iran, including the study of Mehri (2005 ), Salarzadeh and Mahbobi ( 2009), Noghni and colleagues (2012 ).     https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18411_c0427f45dc6ad607a281640f2a6b7173.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Examining the Role of Religious Identity in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage among Youth in Isfahan, IranExamining the Role of Religious Identity in the Preservation of Cultural Heritage among Youth in Isfahan, Iran17319418409FANasrinPanjepourM.A. in Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranSorayaMemarAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, University of Isfahan, IranSeyed HassanSheikhM.A. in Geography and Urban Planning, Tehran University, IranSorayaMemarJournal Article20160614Introduction  Many social studies confirm that religion has an influential role in forming attitudes, trends and the meaning of social behaviors. However, so far little attention has been paid to examining the relationship between religious integrity and architectural space. Regarding to the fact that in many parts of the world cultural heritage places such as mosques, shrines, squares, temples and streets are alive and the public can use them actively, the present study intends to examine the relationship between religious identity and cultural heritage conservation. Based on the importance of youth's values, socialization and demographic characteristics of the Iranian population, youth were selected as this research's subjects. Material s and Methods  According to research goals, to assess the role of religion in social life and focusing on active preservation of cultural heritage, three indicators of belief, emotion and outcome were selected to measure religious identity. In this study, religious identity is reflected in the role of a person in reproducing religious institutions and the importance of religious behaviors in lifestyle and interactions.  There are two approaches to preserve cultural heritage: passive and active. While the first one aims at preventing any damage to cultural heritage, in the active approach, cultural heritage is more than buildings and structures. It includes values and history of a society thus preservation requires social engagement and development of social bonds between people and places. If people do not understand the hidden values of buildings, their protection loses its importance. For active preservation, three indicators of emotion, cognition and function were distinguished.  Data were gathered by survey, using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 343 people were questioned in 6 Isfahan urban districts as sample size. To test the assumptions, structural equation modeling was used in AMOS software. Discussion of R esults and C onclusion s  In terms of religious identity, the scores of indicators were 4.12, 3.43 and 2.61 for belief, emotion and outcome, respectively which indicates that the youth's believes are considerably stronger than religious behaviors. In cultural heritage preservation, indicators were 4.11, 2.63 and 2.36 for emotional, cognitive and functional dimensions, respectively. It shows that the youth are considerably engaged with cultural heritage emotionally, but they have little knowledge about them and behave poorly to support and preserve them.  Findings indicate that the relationship between religious identity and emotional, cognitive and functional indicators of preservation are statistically significant. With 95 percent confidence it could be asserted that religious identity is positively correlated with cultural heritage preservation. The religious identity can explain 0.15 of the preservationâs variance. Among socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, education and marital status, only respondentsâ education had a significant positive effect on the conservation of cultural heritage. Model fit indices show that the model has an acceptable fit.  Based on the results, strengthening the religious identity will increase the desire to preserve the cultural heritage. In other words, people with stronger social bonds have greater potential to collaborate with governmental and non-governmental organizations, in order to preserve the monuments.  Regarding the role of religious leaders to prepare lifestyle-based information to the public, and guide them, confident religious people can play an important role in the preservation of cultural heritage. Understanding the effect of religious identity on heritage conservation will promote and develop functions of religion and heritage Deep understanding of religious identity and related values embedded in cultural monuments, gives authorities and researchers a new insight about the relationship between the integrity of users and the preservation of a place. From this viewpoint, cultural heritage will be a source of identity, power and social responsibility.    Introduction  Many social studies confirm that religion has an influential role in forming attitudes, trends and the meaning of social behaviors. However, so far little attention has been paid to examining the relationship between religious integrity and architectural space. Regarding to the fact that in many parts of the world cultural heritage places such as mosques, shrines, squares, temples and streets are alive and the public can use them actively, the present study intends to examine the relationship between religious identity and cultural heritage conservation. Based on the importance of youth's values, socialization and demographic characteristics of the Iranian population, youth were selected as this research's subjects. Material s and Methods  According to research goals, to assess the role of religion in social life and focusing on active preservation of cultural heritage, three indicators of belief, emotion and outcome were selected to measure religious identity. In this study, religious identity is reflected in the role of a person in reproducing religious institutions and the importance of religious behaviors in lifestyle and interactions.  There are two approaches to preserve cultural heritage: passive and active. While the first one aims at preventing any damage to cultural heritage, in the active approach, cultural heritage is more than buildings and structures. It includes values and history of a society thus preservation requires social engagement and development of social bonds between people and places. If people do not understand the hidden values of buildings, their protection loses its importance. For active preservation, three indicators of emotion, cognition and function were distinguished.  Data were gathered by survey, using multistage cluster sampling. A total of 343 people were questioned in 6 Isfahan urban districts as sample size. To test the assumptions, structural equation modeling was used in AMOS software. Discussion of R esults and C onclusion s  In terms of religious identity, the scores of indicators were 4.12, 3.43 and 2.61 for belief, emotion and outcome, respectively which indicates that the youth's believes are considerably stronger than religious behaviors. In cultural heritage preservation, indicators were 4.11, 2.63 and 2.36 for emotional, cognitive and functional dimensions, respectively. It shows that the youth are considerably engaged with cultural heritage emotionally, but they have little knowledge about them and behave poorly to support and preserve them.  Findings indicate that the relationship between religious identity and emotional, cognitive and functional indicators of preservation are statistically significant. With 95 percent confidence it could be asserted that religious identity is positively correlated with cultural heritage preservation. The religious identity can explain 0.15 of the preservationâs variance. Among socio-demographic variables such as age, gender, education and marital status, only respondentsâ education had a significant positive effect on the conservation of cultural heritage. Model fit indices show that the model has an acceptable fit.  Based on the results, strengthening the religious identity will increase the desire to preserve the cultural heritage. In other words, people with stronger social bonds have greater potential to collaborate with governmental and non-governmental organizations, in order to preserve the monuments.  Regarding the role of religious leaders to prepare lifestyle-based information to the public, and guide them, confident religious people can play an important role in the preservation of cultural heritage. Understanding the effect of religious identity on heritage conservation will promote and develop functions of religion and heritage Deep understanding of religious identity and related values embedded in cultural monuments, gives authorities and researchers a new insight about the relationship between the integrity of users and the preservation of a place. From this viewpoint, cultural heritage will be a source of identity, power and social responsibility.    https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18409_f8692238c81fff321967f02a678ed08d.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522Investigating the Relationship between Religiosity and Social Hopefulness among Female High-School Students in ShirazInvestigating the Relationship between Religiosity and Social Hopefulness among Female High-School Students in Shiraz19520818413FAMaryamMomeniM.A. Student of Sociology, University of Shiraz, IranBijanKhajenooriAssociate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Shiraz, IranAzadeHoshiarM.A. Student of Sociology, University of Shiraz, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Religion is an effective factor in socialization process which has attracted the attention of many sociologists. It is an important factor affecting mental health. Religion transforms the world picture in an individual view and changes his perception of himself, creation and the events surrounding him. Such a person does not feel frustration and anxiety caused by difficulties. He is sure that God support him. Incidents and events are transient and patience will be rewarded by God. (Cruise, Abedi, 2008). Naturally, human beings are vulnerable to concerns and worries so they consistently have fought to overcome them. Religiously speaking, one of the objectives of creation of humankind was to bring peace and comfort in life and humans struggle to overcome despair and depression (Parcham and others, 2010). Quality of life has a significant relationship with hope and plays an important role in achieving social success (Snayder quoted in Mehrinejad and Moghaddam, 2011). The lack of hope causes a person to feel disabled and desperate and that he does not have enough self-esteem. We tolerate suffering and torment because we think in the future it changes to the good. Therefore, all our efforts are worthwhile. Hope enables us to resist the difficulties and problems of the present so the door will be opened to solve them (Snyder, 2000). Spiritual crisis is one of the consequences of despair even among some religious people. Appropriate goal setting is a key factor in this battle. It seems that one of the causes of failures and successive wanderings in humans is disappointment in reaching goals and lack of effort. Optimistic people, with more faith, and popularity have more adaptability with education, employment and sports. Also, they have more political and social achievements and happiness. They hope they can live with the challenges that may be encountered consistently. Hope is so important that in recent years a new approach has emerged in the field of psychology, which is known as positive psychology. Positive psychology is the scientific study of human abilities and strengths. One of the most important element of positive psychology is optimism. So this paper aims at considering the relationship between religiosity and social hopefulness.   Materials & Methods  This is an applied research. With regard to the type of study, it is a descriptive study and has used the survey method. The study population consists of all high school female students in Shiraz during the academic year of 1391 -92, whose total number is equal to 5637 individuals. 381 students were selected by use of cluster sampling method and Cochran formula. Data collection techniques in this study was a Likert type questionnaire and the data was analyzed by SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  In this study, emotional, religious, moral and ritual aspects of hope were measured. According to the results of previous research, a positive relationship between religious orientation and hopefulness was found. Likewise, hopelessness is associated with depression. Students who are religious and hopeful, have a higher tolerance threshold and are generally more successful in school.       Introduction  Religion is an effective factor in socialization process which has attracted the attention of many sociologists. It is an important factor affecting mental health. Religion transforms the world picture in an individual view and changes his perception of himself, creation and the events surrounding him. Such a person does not feel frustration and anxiety caused by difficulties. He is sure that God support him. Incidents and events are transient and patience will be rewarded by God. (Cruise, Abedi, 2008). Naturally, human beings are vulnerable to concerns and worries so they consistently have fought to overcome them. Religiously speaking, one of the objectives of creation of humankind was to bring peace and comfort in life and humans struggle to overcome despair and depression (Parcham and others, 2010). Quality of life has a significant relationship with hope and plays an important role in achieving social success (Snayder quoted in Mehrinejad and Moghaddam, 2011). The lack of hope causes a person to feel disabled and desperate and that he does not have enough self-esteem. We tolerate suffering and torment because we think in the future it changes to the good. Therefore, all our efforts are worthwhile. Hope enables us to resist the difficulties and problems of the present so the door will be opened to solve them (Snyder, 2000). Spiritual crisis is one of the consequences of despair even among some religious people. Appropriate goal setting is a key factor in this battle. It seems that one of the causes of failures and successive wanderings in humans is disappointment in reaching goals and lack of effort. Optimistic people, with more faith, and popularity have more adaptability with education, employment and sports. Also, they have more political and social achievements and happiness. They hope they can live with the challenges that may be encountered consistently. Hope is so important that in recent years a new approach has emerged in the field of psychology, which is known as positive psychology. Positive psychology is the scientific study of human abilities and strengths. One of the most important element of positive psychology is optimism. So this paper aims at considering the relationship between religiosity and social hopefulness.   Materials & Methods  This is an applied research. With regard to the type of study, it is a descriptive study and has used the survey method. The study population consists of all high school female students in Shiraz during the academic year of 1391 -92, whose total number is equal to 5637 individuals. 381 students were selected by use of cluster sampling method and Cochran formula. Data collection techniques in this study was a Likert type questionnaire and the data was analyzed by SPSS software.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  In this study, emotional, religious, moral and ritual aspects of hope were measured. According to the results of previous research, a positive relationship between religious orientation and hopefulness was found. Likewise, hopelessness is associated with depression. Students who are religious and hopeful, have a higher tolerance threshold and are generally more successful in school.      https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18413_0c5ca8c152729a8b91ba805d5f48a16e.pdfUniversity of IsfahanJournal of Applied Sociology2008-574526320150522The Relationship between Participation in Decision Making, and Supervisor's Perceived Support with Organizational Citizenship Behaviors among Employees, with Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Procedural and Perceived Distributive JusticesThe Relationship between Participation in Decision Making, and Supervisor's Perceived Support with Organizational Citizenship Behaviors among Employees, with Emphasis on the Mediating Role of Procedural and Perceived Distributive Justices20922518410FAZainabDaramiM.A. in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, University of Isfahan, IranSaharJahanbakhsh GanjehProfessor, Department of Psychology, University of Isfahan, IranSadeghJahanbakhsh GanjehM.A. Student of Social Science, Kharazmi University, IranJournal Article20160614 Introduction  Among different organizational variables, social exchange theory has had an effective role in explaining and perceiving organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational justice. Exchange of justice is an important aspect of social exchange theory. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between perceived organizational justice and employees' attitudes. However, the issue that is examined in organizational justice and OCB is how employees should be treated such that they perceive the existence of justice in the organization. This study aimed at examining a proposed model based on the mediating role of procedural and perceived distributive justices in the relationship between supervisor's perceived support and participation in decision making with organizational citizenship behavior     Materials & Methods  The present study is of relational type. The population of the study include all employees of Agricultural Society of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad in Iran in 2011. From 490 employees, 120 were selected based on simple random sampling method. The questionnaires in this study include (1) Participation in decision-making inventory that was invented by Parnel and Bell (2001), (2) Supervisor's support inventory that was made by Eisenberger et al. (1986), (3) Organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire which was invented by Smith et al. (1983), (4) Distributive Justice Inventory as was made by Colquitt (2001), and (5) Procedural Justice Inventory as was made by Niehoff and Moorman (1993). Also, the analysis of the data started with preliminary analysis (zero-order Pearson correlations) to gain a basic insight of data. Then, more sophisticated analyzes were performed to assess the fitness of the proposed model, all of which were performed by Structural equation modeling (SEM) using maximum likelihood estimation of AMOS software, 16th version (Arbuckle, 1997). In order to determine that whether the proposed model fit the data, a combination of fitness parameters were used. To investigate the indirect (intermediate) effects in the proposed model, Baron and Kennyʼs (1986) method was used and to determine its significance, Sobelʼs (1982) test was used.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results of the study showed that the perception of justice (both procedural and distributive) has significant effects on the participation of employees in decision-making and consequently showing organizational citizenship behavior. As Kinicki and Kreitner (2006) claimed, justice in the organization shows employees' perceptions of fair treatment in the working environment and it is a factor which is made on the basis of the working conditions (Greenberg & Colquitt, 2005). When employees' opinions are listened to and they are included in decision making processes, they think that justice exists in the organization and rewards and facilities are distributed justly. Leventhal (1980) believes that fair procedures are characterized by the following properties: distribution of facilities should be unbiased and equal for all people over time, it should be carried out based on accurate information, it should be correctable, and it should be based on moral and ethical norms Thus for their participation in decision-making, employees should be informed about the organization's information and they should have equal opportunity to express their opinions and implicit values and norms such as fairness and consistency in the allocation of benefits and resources. The findings of this study are in line with the studies mentioned in the literature (Muhammad, 2004 Zhang, Lee & Zou, 2010), which show the importance of the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the organization's inputs and outputs (including OCB, job satisfaction, organizational commitment). The results of this study and other attempts, which have been carried out with regard to organizational justice theory, point to the significance of this mediating variable as an important motivational instrument in organizational behaviors and officials and managers should consider it. Based on organizational justice theory, it can be predicted that staff react against the presence or absence of organizational justice in the workplace. One of these reactions is the increase or decrease in the output data in that when staff observes that the justice does not exist in the organization, they get negative stress and thus in order to reduce such stress they try to decrease their participation and inputs in the organization. In such cases, their organizational citizenship behavior might decrease. Contrariwise, if staff feel that organizational justice exist in the workplace, they become motivated to increase their participation and inputs in the organization by helping behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior.  On the other hand, in the proposed model it was hypothesized that if employees feel that they are under the support of their supervisors, they show more OCB perceiving procedural and distributive justice this hypothesis, however, has not been confirmed and the research hypothesis based on the mediating role of justice in the relationship between supervisor's perceived support and OCB was rejected. The reason might be explained by the fact that when employees consider their supervisor as one who has his own supervisor so he has no role in distributing rewards and allocating resources. The organizational norms are determined in the way that only senior managers make decisions and supervisors and junior officials have no freedom of action. This finding is in disagreement with the findings of a number of previous studies. The reason for such disagreement can be found in different working atmospheres in various organizations. In some organizations, managers give their supervisors freedom of action in decision-making procedures and processes and allow them to determine the way rewards should be distributed among staff. Though, in some other organizations supervisors might not have such freedom and they might have only higher positions in terms of rank but are similar with their subordinates in terms of power over action. In such organizations, even if staff perceive their supervisor's support, they might not have a clear understanding of justice in their organizations and if they show behaviors beyond the call of duty and OCB, it is because of the respect they have toward supportive behaviors of their supervisors, not because of the perceived justice and this lends further support to Greenberg and Colquitt' theory (2005), who claimed that the perception of justice in the organization is based on the working environment and the atmosphere of the organization .     Introduction  Among different organizational variables, social exchange theory has had an effective role in explaining and perceiving organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and organizational justice. Exchange of justice is an important aspect of social exchange theory. A number of studies have investigated the relationship between perceived organizational justice and employees' attitudes. However, the issue that is examined in organizational justice and OCB is how employees should be treated such that they perceive the existence of justice in the organization. This study aimed at examining a proposed model based on the mediating role of procedural and perceived distributive justices in the relationship between supervisor's perceived support and participation in decision making with organizational citizenship behavior     Materials & Methods  The present study is of relational type. The population of the study include all employees of Agricultural Society of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad in Iran in 2011. From 490 employees, 120 were selected based on simple random sampling method. The questionnaires in this study include (1) Participation in decision-making inventory that was invented by Parnel and Bell (2001), (2) Supervisor's support inventory that was made by Eisenberger et al. (1986), (3) Organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire which was invented by Smith et al. (1983), (4) Distributive Justice Inventory as was made by Colquitt (2001), and (5) Procedural Justice Inventory as was made by Niehoff and Moorman (1993). Also, the analysis of the data started with preliminary analysis (zero-order Pearson correlations) to gain a basic insight of data. Then, more sophisticated analyzes were performed to assess the fitness of the proposed model, all of which were performed by Structural equation modeling (SEM) using maximum likelihood estimation of AMOS software, 16th version (Arbuckle, 1997). In order to determine that whether the proposed model fit the data, a combination of fitness parameters were used. To investigate the indirect (intermediate) effects in the proposed model, Baron and Kennyʼs (1986) method was used and to determine its significance, Sobelʼs (1982) test was used.    Discussion of Results & Conclusions  The results of the study showed that the perception of justice (both procedural and distributive) has significant effects on the participation of employees in decision-making and consequently showing organizational citizenship behavior. As Kinicki and Kreitner (2006) claimed, justice in the organization shows employees' perceptions of fair treatment in the working environment and it is a factor which is made on the basis of the working conditions (Greenberg & Colquitt, 2005). When employees' opinions are listened to and they are included in decision making processes, they think that justice exists in the organization and rewards and facilities are distributed justly. Leventhal (1980) believes that fair procedures are characterized by the following properties: distribution of facilities should be unbiased and equal for all people over time, it should be carried out based on accurate information, it should be correctable, and it should be based on moral and ethical norms Thus for their participation in decision-making, employees should be informed about the organization's information and they should have equal opportunity to express their opinions and implicit values and norms such as fairness and consistency in the allocation of benefits and resources. The findings of this study are in line with the studies mentioned in the literature (Muhammad, 2004 Zhang, Lee & Zou, 2010), which show the importance of the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the organization's inputs and outputs (including OCB, job satisfaction, organizational commitment). The results of this study and other attempts, which have been carried out with regard to organizational justice theory, point to the significance of this mediating variable as an important motivational instrument in organizational behaviors and officials and managers should consider it. Based on organizational justice theory, it can be predicted that staff react against the presence or absence of organizational justice in the workplace. One of these reactions is the increase or decrease in the output data in that when staff observes that the justice does not exist in the organization, they get negative stress and thus in order to reduce such stress they try to decrease their participation and inputs in the organization. In such cases, their organizational citizenship behavior might decrease. Contrariwise, if staff feel that organizational justice exist in the workplace, they become motivated to increase their participation and inputs in the organization by helping behaviors such as organizational citizenship behavior.  On the other hand, in the proposed model it was hypothesized that if employees feel that they are under the support of their supervisors, they show more OCB perceiving procedural and distributive justice this hypothesis, however, has not been confirmed and the research hypothesis based on the mediating role of justice in the relationship between supervisor's perceived support and OCB was rejected. The reason might be explained by the fact that when employees consider their supervisor as one who has his own supervisor so he has no role in distributing rewards and allocating resources. The organizational norms are determined in the way that only senior managers make decisions and supervisors and junior officials have no freedom of action. This finding is in disagreement with the findings of a number of previous studies. The reason for such disagreement can be found in different working atmospheres in various organizations. In some organizations, managers give their supervisors freedom of action in decision-making procedures and processes and allow them to determine the way rewards should be distributed among staff. Though, in some other organizations supervisors might not have such freedom and they might have only higher positions in terms of rank but are similar with their subordinates in terms of power over action. In such organizations, even if staff perceive their supervisor's support, they might not have a clear understanding of justice in their organizations and if they show behaviors beyond the call of duty and OCB, it is because of the respect they have toward supportive behaviors of their supervisors, not because of the perceived justice and this lends further support to Greenberg and Colquitt' theory (2005), who claimed that the perception of justice in the organization is based on the working environment and the atmosphere of the organization .    https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_18410_585930311b9f16d0f92e08a220a9b72a.pdf