دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 An Emprical Application of Routin Activities Theory in the Study of Studentsâ Deviant Behaviors کاربست تجربی نظریۀ فعالیت‌های روزمره در بررسی رفتارهای انحرافی دانشجویان 1 24 21442 10.22108/jas.2017.21442 FA اکبر علیوردی نیا استاد، گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه مازندران، ایران 0000-0003-0512-7839 منا علیمردانی کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران، ایران Journal Article 2015 11 22 The purpose of this study is to assess deviant behaviors among Mazandaran University students by Routine Activities theory and to examine the applicability of Routine Activities theory to deviant behaviors and individual offending. Although routine activities theory known as one of the most important theories in study of deviant behaviors, but most routine activities studies rely on victimization and thus far relatively little attention has been given to the applicability of routine activities theory for studying individual offending and deviant behaviors. Unlike most studies that have used routine activities theory to explain victims and victimization, in this study the routine activities theory is used to explain individual offending and deviant behaviors of students. Data used in this research were collected from a survey of 393 students of Mazandaran University in 2015. The findingsindicates that there is significant differences between males and females in the incidence of deviant behaviors, so that deviant behaviors among male students is more than deviant behaviors among females. The findings also indicates that variables of routine activities theory can explain deviant behaviors among students well. The result of regression analysis showed that variables have been able to assess 44 percent of changes in deviant behaviors among students. Among all variables that entered in regression model, âintensity attachment to delinquent friendsâ and âunstructured activitiesâ have a significant positive impression on deviant behaviors and âpresence of authority figuresâ has a significant negative impression on deviant behaviors. Also âintensity attachment to delinquent friendsâ is the most important variable to explain the deviant behaviors. پژوهش حاضر می‌کوشد با تکیه بر نظریۀ فعالیتهای روزمره، چرایی وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی را در میان دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران بررسی و این‌گونه، این نظریه را آزمون تجربی کند. برخلاف بیشتر پژوهشهایی که نظریۀ فعالیتهای روزمره را دربارۀ قربانیان جرائم و چگونگی قربانی‌شدن به کار میبردهاند، در پژوهش حاضر، این نظریه برای تبیین رفتارهای انحرافی دانشجویان به کار گرفته شده است. روش تحقیق، پیمایشی و ابزار جمعآوری دادهها، پرسشنامه بوده است. درمجموع، 393 نفر از دانشجویان دانشگاه مازندران که در سال تحصیلی 94-1393 مشغول به تحصیل بودهاند، به شیوۀ نمونهگیری طبقهای انتخاب شده و به پرسشنامه پاسخ دادهاند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهند بین پسران و دختران از لحاظ میزان وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی، تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد، به‌گونه‌ای که وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی در بین دانشجویان پسر بیشتر از دانشجویان دختر است. یافتهها همچنین نشان میدهند متغیرهای نظریۀ فعالیت‌های روزمره به‌خوبی رفتارهای انحرافی را در میان دانشجویان تبیین میکنند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیلهای رگرسیونی نشان دادند متغیرهای این پژوهش، 44 درصد از تغییرات رفتارهای انحرافی را در میان دانشجویان تبیین می‌کنند. از تمامی متغیرهای واردشده در مدل رگرسیونی، سه متغیر شدت پیوستگی به دوستان بزهکار، فعالیتهای ساختنیافته و حضور چهرۀ مقتدر، تأثیر معناداری در وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی دانشجویان داشتند. در حالت کلی، نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، گزاره‌های نظریۀ فعالیتهای روزمره را تأیید می‌کنند و نشان می‌دهند موقعیتها، نقش بسزایی در وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی دارند و همان‌گونه که نظریۀ فعالیتهای روزمره مطرح میکند، فعالیتهای ساختنیافته با همالان در غیاب چهرههای مقتدر به وقوع رفتارهای انحرافی منجر می‌شوند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21442_da8d3ef841b5d2f2318c12039c77708e.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Sense of Belonging to Iran among Ethnic Groups احساس تعلق به ایران در میان اقوام ایرانی 25 40 21441 10.22108/jas.2017.21441 FA سید صمد بهشتی استادیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه یاسوج، ایران محمد حقمرادی دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه پیام‌نور Journal Article 2016 02 20 Introduction Iran is a multiethnic society; hence it is significant how much various ethnicities receive their share of power as well as their share of economic, political and other sources, which can explain their sense of identity and collective identities such as a sense of belonging to Iran and Iranian nationality. Additionally, religious and cultural factors can strengthen or weaken this national solidarity. In this study, the theories concerning activation and highlighting ethnic divisions are utilized to explore ethnic groups sense of belonging to Iran. A combination of three theories with more sociological aspect is used: modernization theories, the theory of internal colonialism and the theory of relative deprivation. Materials & Methods This study is a documentary research, based on available data. In other words, the present study is a secondary analysis of data by adopting a comparative approach to compare certain variables and indices between ethnic groups. This study is based on the data obtained from the Fifth Wave of the World Values (WVS). A sample of 2667 Iranian subjects aged over 16 years old was collected. However, due to small size, Turkmen, Gilaks and Armenian ethnicities were removed from the analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The data analysis showed that the economic situation is closely associated with ethnic or national identities. A good economic situation brings along a stronger sense of national identity. However, a good economic situation is not directly related to ethnic identity, and with the rise of economic status, ethnic identity is not enhanced. In contrast, a weaker and lower economic situation brings along a higher sense of ethnic identity while it leads to a weaker sense of national identity. The analysis shows that more than 81 percent of the people with close percentages are willing to participate in a possible war against the country and fight to defend it. Overall, this shows a high degree of belonging to Iran. However, less than half of the Kurds tend to do so. In the same way, Sunni Kurds and Shiite Arabs trust the government less than other ethnic groups. However, two ethnic groups of Sunni Balochs and Sunni Fars have shown a higher degree of confidence compared with other ethnic groups. The data shows that Iranian identity is multidimensional and there is no opposition between national and ethnic identities. This can be especially shown in social and cultural issues. The only contrast is in political issues, which do not disturb all ethnicities, but Arabs and Kurds. The research shows that Turks, Kurds, Lors and other ethnicities are proud of their Iranian nationality. In fact, the results suggest that 97.4 percent of ethnicities know themselves as the citizen of Iran. This is different when it comes to Shiite Arabs and Sunni Kurds. They are less proud of Iranian identity. From this results, it can be concluded that the policy of ethnic assimilation and integration may not be possible. Therefore, considering the economic situation of ethnic groups, efforts to eliminate feelings of social, political, cultural, and educational inequalities and respecting different ethnic identifies can greatly reduce the challenges of national identity. Avoiding political and ideological biases, caring for citizenship rights according to the Constitution and giving everyone a role to play in power can make them have a stronger sense of national identity. Recent developments in the Middle East as well as the issues of globalization and spread of informal media, especially cyberspace, has made it necessary to think about the issues related to national identity, ethnic identity and the relationship between them. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider all theoretical and analytical projects in this field and offer new formulation of identity beyond theories of modernization to come up with theories that focus on the effect of modernization on ethnic identity. وجود اقوام مختلف در ایران که مهم‌ترین ویژگی آنها بومی‌بودن آنهاست و همچنین تلاش حکومت مرکزی در یک سدة گذشته برای ایجاد یک دولت یا ملت واحد، این پرسش را مطرح می‌کند که درنتیجة سیاست‌های تمرکزگرایانة حکومت‌ مرکزی، اقوام مختلف با مذاهب متفاوت تا چه اندازه به ایران و هویت ملی خود احساس تعلق می‌کنند. با استفاده از تحلیل ثانویة داده‌های مربوط به 2667 ایرانی در موج پنجم مطالعة ارزش‌های جهانی چنین نتیجه‌گیری شد که درمجموع، تمامی اقوام، احساس تعلق زیادی به ایران دارند و آنچه در برخی اقوام نظیر اعراب و کردهای اهل تسنن، میزان این تعلق را کاهش می‌دهد احساس نابرابری و مشارکت کم آنها در قدرت سیاسی و نیز سهم نامناسب آنها از توسعه‌یافتگی در مقایسه با سایر اقوام است. احساس تعلق زیاد قوم بلوچ سنی نسبت به ایران در بسیاری از شاخص‌های مطالعه‌شدة این تحقیق، درخور توجه است.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21441_a56968fb9e5a1ba1f4bf7dced4c710ec.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Investigating the Phenomenon of Obesity Stigma among 15-44 Year old women in Yazd پدیدۀ داغ ننگ چاقی در زنان 44-15ساله در شهر یزد 41 60 21439 10.22108/jas.2017.21439 FA فرزانه قانع عزآبادی کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران وحید قاسمی استاد گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2015 12 13 Introduction Body is not a mere biological and psychological existence, however every individual’s body is a very personal and individual part of him, but it is a phenomenon which is constructed socially, and consequently a human’s body is a physical and social reality in every society. With the advent of the consumer society, physical body and its subsequent reflectivity of individuals’ bodily identity became more important. In this society, by manipulating Outward and visible feature of their bodies and distancing from the concept of “natural body”, individuals started to construct social body . The emphasis of the modern western culture on slenderness and its consequent overweight stigma result in stigmatizing obese people. World Health Organization (1998) introduced a grading system for categorization of obesity and overweight according to BMI. Overweight as a BMI is between 25 and 29.9 and obesity as a BMI is higher than 30. Although this distinction is important for health discussions, with those dimensions of social and psychological outcomes, it is less important overweight. However, obesity is considered important as a disease and public health crisis, its stigma creates much suffering. The influence of negatively ethical views and attitudes regarding overweight and obesity like laziness and lack of self-control obviously has been growing commoner both institutionally and personally Goffman speaks of three distinguished types of stigma: 1. the first type is the ugliness and flaws related to the body. Those who has suffered from flaws in terms of their appearance and according to normal cultural criteria. 2. The ethical flaws which harm cultural norms. 3. Ethnic and tribal stigma. Obesity is obviously consistent with the first two types of Goffman's categorization. Obesity is a physical flaw because it is obvious and explicit, on the other hand, it strongly associates with ethical flaws lacking in self-control and will. Therefore, With the framework of theories of Goffman, Giddens, Festinger's social comparison, exchange, steaks and Bergner and previous studies, the following independent variables were included in a multivariate hypothesis: There is a significant correlation between Personal factors - psychological (1. BMI 2. Age 3. Self-esteem) and social factors (1.social comparison, 2. influence of family and peers, 3.media consumption ,4. Education) and the rate of their perceived stigma of obesity. Method This research method is survey and the tools employed in the present study is a researcher-made scale titled as "Internalized stigma of obesity in 15 to 44 year old women". The population of this study us 15 to 44 year old women of Yazd who are estimated to be 129699 individuals by Statistical Center of Iran. The sample size based on Cochran formula, 380 people were estimated. The sampling is regular stratification sampling method .Finally, Cronbach's alpha for questions related to the stigma of obesity were 0.90 and for the variables of social comparison, the influence of families and friends and self-esteem were 0.89, 0.73, and 0.62. Discussion of results& Conclusions Findings of the present study indicate that the presence of the internalized phenomenon of obesity stigma among women in the society, which social comparison is considered as its best predictor. According to Festinger, individuals compare themselves with other in order to evaluate their capabilities and the more important these particular capabilities or the more their relations with current and behaviors are, the more the pressure for the elimination of differences and heterogeneities existing in the group occurs. Beauty and apparent attractiveness are dominating women's lives as a main factor despite the growth of women in fields such as science, employment, and so on in such a way that they are intertwined with important situations of an individual's life. Therefore, the more the individuals compare their bodies with those of others, the more the pressure of stigma is carried on them. In addition, the more the social comparison is, the less the individuals' self-esteems are, and dissatisfaction with their bodies and consequently the terrible feeling of not being beautiful, being different and in some cases, being degraded will dominate the individual. BMI which measures obesity in measurement of stigma related to obesity is degraded to the second rank. Stigma in micro level is involved in individuals' internal feelings towards themselves. Although stigma flames up in the heart of interaction, its pressure is imposed on individuals' most internal imagination and feeling towards themselves, which this feeling is terribly irritating. However, it should be noted that individuals with different psychological features differently experience and feel a common stigma; self-esteem is one of these features. According to Exchange theory, being approved is an important award which originates from interaction. Therefore, in a society which physical attractiveness for women is considered as a privilege by which she is approved, praised and admired, being approved and accepted in terms of fitness by families, friends and peers who are the most important groups for an individual and he is in continuous contacts with them will be considered as highly important. To distance a desired fitness results in social pressure and consequently internal pressure on women. Therefore, women who are more influenced by their families and friends and the imagination of their bodies is dependent on the ideas of family members and friends, are more imposed by internalizing the stigma of obesity. Bodies increasingly has been changed into a public subject for mass media, which with various presentations regarding diet, cosmetic surgery and other programs emphasize the importance of beauty and youth in such a way that in modern societies, media are considered as cultural factors containing information, ideas and even recreations focused on weight and diet (Malterud & Ulrikssen,2010). Therefore, the more the individuals are exposed to media, the more their sensitivity towards their bodies particularly their body sizes is. Because having and achieving induced ideals through media are difficult and not feasible for all people, they result in the feeling of stigma of obesity. In addition to the amount of use, considering the kind of media enjoys more importance. This point that what kind of content every medium presents to its audience, undoubtedly is effective in the feeling of stigma in obese individuals. In the investigated sample of series and satellite fashion channels, because of too emphasis on female physical attractiveness and in most of the cases as the only factor of women's having value and successfulness has the most influence on the feeling of stigma in women suffering from overweight and obesity. The function which education can have in the heart of the daily relations and cliché ideas governing it, equipoising individuals' thoughts is of values available towards attitudes and conditions and various groups. In other words, educated individuals not only have more neutral compared with some negative attributes in other individuals, but they also are potential to the feeling of being less stigmatized regarding their obesity compared with their bodies. داغ ننگ، فشار اجتماعی موذیانه‌ای است که با تعداد نامنتهایی از صفات، شرایط، وضعیت سلامت و گروه‌های اجتماعی وابسته به زمینه و بستر اجتماعی پیوند خورده است. پدیده‌ای که نطفۀ آن در ذهن انسان بسته می‌شود، در عرصۀ کنش متقابل تولد می‌یابد و گسترۀ خویش را وابسته به مهیابودن شرایط رشد خویش با توجه به فرهنگ و ارزش‌های حاکم بر جامعه می‌پرواند و عرصه‌های گوناگونی را جولانگاه خویش می‌کند. سوگیری‌های آشکار و تبعیضی که در زمینه‌های مختلف به افراد چاق تحمیل می‌شود، نشان‌دهندۀ خزیدن چاقی و اضافه وزن به حیطۀ داغ ننگ به‌ویژه برای زنان به‌دلیل تأکید بیش از حد جامعۀ مصرفی بر جذابیت جسمانی آن‌ها است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر در ضعف و شدت داغ ننگ چاقی درونی‌شدۀ زنان با روش پیمایش و روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای متناسب، تعداد 380 زن 44-15سالۀ شهر یزد را با ابزار پرسشنامه مطالعه کرد. با چارچوب قراردادن نظریات گافمن، گیدنز، مقایسۀ اجتماعی فستینگر، مبادله، استیک و برگنر، رابطۀ متغیرهای فردی-روان‌شناختی (عزت نفس، سن، شاخص حجم بدن) و متغیرهای اجتماعی (مقایسۀ اجتماعی، نفوذ خانواده و دوستان، مصرف رسانه‌ای، تحصیلات) با میزان داغ ننگ چاقی درونی‌شده در زنان تحلیل شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهند متغیر مقایسۀ اجتماعی، بهترین پیش‌بینی‌کنندۀ داغ ننگ چاقی در زنان است.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21439_94ddd04169f949061741d915177f5ad6.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Study of Women's Attitude toward Value of Children (Case Study: Women 15-49 Years Old of Shiraz City) بررسی نگرش زنان به ارزش فرزندان (مورد مطالعه: زنان 49-15 سالۀ شهر شیراز) 61 78 21438 10.22108/jas.2017.21438 FA فاطمه هاشمی نیا کارشناس ارشد جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران ماهرخ رجبی استادیار، بخش جامعه‌شناسی و برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران علی یار احمدی استادیار، بخش جامعه‌شناسی و برنامه‌ریزی اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2015 10 20 Introduction Value of children from the perspective of parents is investigated by researchers interested in understanding the population dynamics more than three decades of study. The perceived value of children forms the parents' motives of childbearing and reproduction. The value of children stem from the costs and benefits of children. Various socioeconomic and psychological approaches address the particular costs and benefits of having children and show their significance for reproductive intentions and behavior. The theory of the Value of Children, however, aims to consider all positive and negative incentives that matter in fertility-related decision-making (Fawcett 1978). The theory of the Value of Children intends to understand fertility as an outcome of purposeful decision-making by referring to parental needs being met by children (Hoffman and Hoffman 1973). Whereas traditional economic theories emphasize the costs of children, the "value of children" approach encompasses also the supply side of children, i.e., the benefits children bring for their (potential) parents under variable social and economic conditions (Nauck, 2014). Materials & Methods The current study aims at investigating the value of children from the view point of Shirazi women. The study is a quantitative one based on survey method. The data gathered by questionnaire. The sample of study consists of 381 married women of 15-49. Data gathered by using survey method, and sample consists of 381 15-49 married women. The gathering of data was done using self- reporting questionnaire. Categorizing the values of children is based on Fawcett's typology of children's values. According to principal components analysis, categories of values of children include emotional benefits and costs, continuum of family line, identity acquisition via childbearing, opportunity costs, self- development and economic benefits and costs. The main variable of study "overall value of children" was constructed via factor analysis loading scores. Independent variables of study include age, age at first marriage, husband's age at marriage, and duration of marriage, education, husband's education, Family income, socio economic status, occupation, residence & ideal family size. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Findings of study indicate that emotional aspect of value of children, economic value of children, continuum of family line, opportunity costs, self- development, identity acquisition, are different in terms of education, age, age at marriage, place of birth, family income, and occupation status. In terms of age a significant relationship exists between age and economic benefits of children (r=0.151) and parents' self-development. The relationship between age at marriage and economic benefits and continuation of family line was significantly negative (r= - 0.212 & r= -0.132). The relation between duration of marriage and the idea that children are economically beneficial is positive too (r = 0.216). The relationship between education and almost all aspects of children's value are negative. The correlation coefficients in terms of emotional value, economic benefits, self-development and continuation of family are r= -0.175, r= -0.338, r= -0.207 and r= -0.282 respectively. This means that educated people value having children less than none educated ones. The relationship between family income and value of children resemble to education. The family income has reverse relationship with economic benefits (r = -0.174), continuum of family line (r = -0.175), identity acquisition via childbearing (r = -0.129), and self-development (r = -0.152). According the results of study, value of children in terms of economic benefits, self-development, and continuum of family line are more significant for women who were born in rural areas. In addition the ideal family size has a negative correlation with emotional benefits (r = -0/168) and completed fertility show a positive relationship with economic benefits (r = 0.212). Generally, the result of study indicates that increasing in education; occupation status and more favorable economic condition lead to the fact that, parents value children lower in terms of economic benefits, identity acquisition and continuum of family line. این مقاله، ارزش فرزندان را از دیدگاه زنان شهر شیراز بررسی کرده است. شناخت ارزشهای مثبت و منفی فرزندان از منظر والدین به‌دلیل تأثیری که در تصمیمگیریها و انگیزههای والدین برای فرزندآوری دارد، نقش مهمی در تغییرات سطوح باروری یک جامعه ایفا میکند. روش تحقیق به‌صورت پیمایشی است و اطلاعات با استفاده از پرسشنامه از نمونه‌ای 400 نفری از زنان 49-15 سالۀ متأهل ساکن شهر شیراز جمع‌آوری شده است. یافتهها نشان می‌دهند مقوله‌بندی ارزش فرزندان با توجه به بارهای عاملی منتج از آزمون‌های تحلیل عامل با مقوله‌بندی فاوست از ارزش فرزندان منطبق است. میانگین نمرۀ کل ارزش‌های فرزندان در مقیاس صفر تا صد برابر با 8/9± 73 است. یافته‌های استنباطی مطالعه نشان می‌دهند حداقل یکی از مقوله‌های ارزش فرزندان شامل ارزش اقتصادی، هزینههای فرصت ازدست‌رفته، تقویت و توسعۀ خود، کسب هویت با فرزندان، تداوم خانواده با توجه به متغیرهای تحصیلات، سن ازدواج، درآمد خانواده، محل تولد، وضعیت اشتغال و سن زنان متفاوت است. بین متغیرهای تحصیلات و سن ازدواج با ارزشهای منافع اقتصادی، منافع احساسی، تقویت و توسعۀ خود و تداوم خانواده، رابطۀ معنی‌دار و معکوسی وجود دارد (05/0P-value ≤). هرچه سن زن و شوهر افزایش مییابد، درک زنان از منافع اقتصادی داشتن فرزند بیشتر میشود. برای زنانی که درآمد خانوادگی بیشتری دارند، منافع اقتصادی، تداوم خانواده، توسعه و تقویت خود و کسب هویت با فرزندان، اهمیت کمتری دارد. حداقل یکی از مقوله‌های ارزش فرزندان با توجه به متغیرهای تحصیلات، سن ازدواج، درآمد خانواده، محل تولد، وضعیت اشتغال و سن زنان متفاوت است. به‌طور کلی، در جامعۀ مدرن امروزی، تغییر مقولههای ارزش فرزندان از مفهوم سنتی آن وجود دارد و زنان، فرزند را کالایی اجتماعی، فرهنگی، روان‌شناختی می‌پندارند که داشتن آن احساس مطلوبیت برای فرد ایجاد میکند که ارضاکنندۀ ارزش‌های غیرمادی است و والدین حاضرند با وجود کاهش منافع عینی و کارکردی، داشتن فرزند را تجربه کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21438_2c51fac792ca289e7864a30111895256.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Ecological citizenship and spiritual Intelligence (The Case of Tabriz Citizens) شهروندی بوم شناختی و هوش معنوی (مورد مطالعه: شهروندان شهر تبریز) 79 98 21715 10.22108/jas.2017.21715 FA محمدباقر علیزاده اقدم دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران حسین بنی فاطمه استاد گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران محمد عباس زاده دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران سعید سلطانی بهرام دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2015 12 14 Introduction: The harmful effects of human activities on the natural world have generated great public concerns, as they may lead to the formation of a new kind of citizenship under the name of Ecological Citizenship. Ecological citizenship is built on the voluntary responsibility and committed citizens in connection with the natural world. Also, ecological citizenship, have characteristics such as non-contractual responsibility regarding to public and private spheres, virtue-oriented, and being non-territory or non-discriminatory. In sustainability studies, ecological citizenship is seen as means to achieve sustainable society. The reason is that ecological citizenship has a holistic view to man and numerous species of flora and fauna in the ecosystem. Ecological citizenship pays attention to different species of living organisms, their relationships to the environment and humans. It also tries to establish more suitable manners. It seems that due to the value-oriented nature of ecological citizenship, human beings find more spiritual intelligence and can act better in order to achieve ecological citizenship. Therefore, in this study, spiritual intelligence and its dimensions are taken into consideration because, we assume citizens with high spiritual intelligence have more reasonable actions with regard to different species and their environment. they believe nature is intrinsically valuable not merely instrumentally. Material & Methods: In this study, the relationship between ecological citizenship and spiritual intelligence is done by using the survey method. Therefore, from the perspective of human ecology, New Ecological Paradigm and deep ecology is used. The survey instrument was a questionnaire that we borrowed from foreign researchers. Research population includes citizens over 15 years of age in Tabriz, of whom 670 were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The face validity and construct validity are used to determine validity. The questionnaire was modified by consulting experts specialized in the field of environmental sociology. Also, factor analysis is used to investigate the order and structure of multivariate data. It is a method which aims at determining fundamental dimensions through analysis of covariance structure. The results of exploratory factor analysis show that, separation and classification of questions and items related to ecological citizenship are well done. The obtained KMO value (0.889) indicates the adequacy of the number of samples for meaningful analysis and also suggests that the separation of Bartlett's test was done properly. According to the results of factor analysis, 49 items are used to measure ecological citizenship, classified in 11 components that these 11 components have been able to explain about 60% of the variance of the ecological citizenship. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results show that ecological citizenship status of Tabriz citizens is in good condition, located somewhere among 4 and 5 in the 6-item Likert Scale. Also, among the 11 dimensions of ecological citizenship, all aspects are medium to high, but membership in environmental communities is the lowest. Also, the correlational tests show that there are positive and significant correlations between spiritual intelligence and its components and ecological citizenship (r=.363). Regression analysis results also show that from four dimensions of spiritual intelligence, the "holistic and faithfulness" and "moral individualities" could explain 27.5% of the variance of ecological citizenship. So, more than anything else, ecological citizenship is influenced by “holistic and faithfulness dimensions”. After that moral virtues component had the strongest effect on ecological citizenship (Beta.256). Also, the two components of “consciousness and love” and “deal with problems” ultimately did not have significant relationship with ecological citizenship and so were excluded from the regression model. تاثیر زیانبار فعالیت های انسان بر جهان طبیعی نگرانی های عمومی فراوانی به همراه داشته، به طوریکه، منجر به شکل گیری نوع جدیدی از شهروندی تحت عنوان شهروندی بوم شناختی شده است. شهروندی بوم شناختی بر مسئوولیت پذیری داوطلبانه و متعهدانه شهروندان در ارتباط با جهان طبیعی بنا شده است. در این پژوهش، ارتباط شهروندی بوم شناختی با هوش معنوی با استفاده از روش پیمایشی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. بدین منظور از دیدگاه های بوم شناسی انسانی، پارادایم بوم شناختی جدید و بوم شناسی ژرف استفاده شده است. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه بوده که با بهره گیری از پژوهش های خارجی طراحی و با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی مولفه های آن مشخص و بومی‌سازی شده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق، شهروندان بالای 15 سال شهر تبریز در سال 94 هستند که 670 نفر از آنان با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به شیوه نمونه گیری خوشه ای چندمرحله ای انتخاب شده اند. یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که، وضعیت شهروندی بوم شناختی از وضعیت خوبی در بین شهروندان تبریزی برخوردار است و در طیف 6 گزینه ای لیکرت، در بین گزینه های 4 و 5 قرار می گیرد. همچنین در میان ابعاد 11 گانه شهروندی بوم شناختی، همه ابعاد از میانگین متوسط به بالایی برخوردار هستند اما بعد عضویت در انجمن های زیستی دارای کمترین میانگین بوده است. همچنین، نتایج آزمون همبستگی پیرسون نشان می دهد که بین هوش معنوی و مولفه های آن با شهروندی بوم شناختی ارتباط مثبت و معنی داری وجود دارد (363/0r=). نتایج آزمون رگرسیون نشان می دهد که از میان ابعاد چهارگانه هوش معنوی، دو بعد "جامع نگری و بعد اعتقادی" و "سجایای اخلاقی" توانسته اند 5/27 درصد واریانس مربوط به شهروندی بوم شناختی را تببین کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21715_67ea5d6d3b8f8a8d500169e063743403.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Students' Attitude Towards Marriage and Factors Affecting It سنجش نگرش دانشجویان نسبت به ازدواج و عوامل مؤثر در آن 99 122 21711 10.22108/jas.2017.21711 FA هدایت الله نیکخواه استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه هرمزگان، ایران مریم فانی کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه هرمزگان، ایران احمد رضا اصغرپور ماسوله استادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2015 11 13 Introduction The aim of this research is to study female students' attitude towards marriage and factors affecting it in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Marriage is a basic institution in all societies and, which prepares the conditions for forming families and reproduction as one of most basic functions of society (Larson and Holman 1994; Higgins et al 2002). Not only does marriage have positive influences on physical and mental health of individuals, but it also plays a great role in transmitting to adulthood. As marriage is not isolated from specific conditions of time and location, it has its own characteristics in any given society (Shoa Kazemi and Harandi 2010:112). The Iranian society in recent years, along with changes in technology and relationships with other nations, has undergone many changes. Values and attitudes to the family and marriage are a part of these changes. When it come to women's role in different aspects of society, studying their values and attitudes become important. Changes in the structure of education, women's employment, improvements in their professional skills and diffusion of feminist ideas, all have led women to reflect on their traditional roles and identities. For example, they ask for equal rights in all aspects and want more freedom in mating. Materials and Methods This study is a cross-sectional survey with descriptive goals. The data was gathered by a researcher-made questionnaire from a population of 13181 female students in 2014 in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The sample includes 374 students who were selected using stratified random sampling method. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of the study show that our main hypothesis, which says “there is a significant relationship between perceptions of gender role clichés and attitudes towards marriage” is confirmed. This means that people who easily internalize and accept gender role clichés have more traditional attitudes toward marriage and vice versa. Likewise, the results also show that there is a significant relationship between respondents' religious background with their attitude towards marriage. This means that those with more religiosity, hold more traditional attitudes toward marriage, and those who have lower levels of religiosity, are more likely to have a modern attitude towards marriage. The findings also show that there is significant relationship between attitude towards marriage and the variable of cost-benefit opportunity, namely, the respondents who believe marriage is a cost-benefit exchange, have a more modern attitude towards marriage. On the contrary, those respondents who believed marriage cannot be looked at as a cost-benefit transaction, have a more traditional attitude towards marriage. The result of multiple regression analysis show that the amount of F is equal to 357/05 and the level o the significance is 0/000. Therefore, the model in its entirety is significant. By comparing the standardized regression coefficients (Beta) outputs of the multiple regression model for, we realized that religiosity has the most powerful effect on the dependent variable. The second most powerful independent variable is the variable of cost-benefit opportunity. Both of these variables had the highest effect on attitude towards marriage in a path analysis model as well. In sum this research show that student's attitude toward marriage is more traditional, when religiosity is the strongest predictor of attitude towards marriage. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نگرش دختران نسبت به ازدواج و عوامل مؤثر در آن در دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شده است. چارچوب نظری این پژوهش، ترکیبی از مجموعه نظریات مدرنیزاسیون، گذار جمعیتی دوم، نقش، انتخاب عقلانی و نظام کارکردی پارسونز است که برای بررسی متغیرهای هزینه فرصت، کلیشه‌های نقش جنسیتی و دینداری استفاده شده است. روش پژوهش در این مطالعه، پیمایش و ابزار جمعآوری دادهها پرسشنامه بوده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول عمومی کوکران 374 نفر (222 نفر در مقطع کارشناسی، 110 نفر در مقطع کارشناسی ارشد، 42 نفر در مقطع دکتری) تعیین شده است. پرسشنامه در سطح دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد و با روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای متناسب با حجم اجرا شده است. دادهها با استفاده از آمار توصیفی و تحلیلی (ضریب همبستگی و تفاوت میانگین، رگرسیون، تحلیل مسیر) و با کمک دو نرم‌افزار Spss وAmosبررسی شدند. نتایج نشان میدهند بین متغیرهای مدّنظر با نوع نگرش به ازدواج، رابطه وجود دارد. همچنین بین متغیرهای پایگاه اقتصادی- اجتماعی، دینداری، هزینه فرصت و کلیشه‌های نقش جنسیتی با نوع نگرش به ازدواج، رابطه وجود دارد. بیشترین میزان اثرگذاری در نگرش سنتی به ازدواج مربوط به متغیر دینداری و برای نگرش مدرن به ازدواج، مربوط به هزینه فرصت است. همچنین به‌لحاظ توصیف توزیع پاسخگویان نسبت به نوع نگرش به ازدواج، نتایج نشان دادند بیشتر پاسخگویان، نگرش سنتی‌تری به ازدواج داشتند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21711_d317288789f5f373acd998629ded6f2a.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 The Investigation Effect of Social Alienation in the Social Responsibility the case of Kermanshah Oil Company Employee’s بررسی تأثیر ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی در مسئولیت اجتماعی موردمطالعه: کارکنان شرکت نفت کرمانشاه 123 152 21713 10.22108/jas.2017.21713 FA محمدتقی ایمان استاد، بخش جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه شیراز، ایران علی مرادی استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه آزاد اسلام‌آباد غرب، ایران Journal Article 2014 12 20 Introduction The goal of study is to examine the effect of Social alienation in the Social Responsibility of Kermanshah Oil Company Employee’s. The results of the studies show that the whole lot of people in organizations are experiencing a kind of alienation. The central question in this research is that social alienation has an impact on the social responsibility of oil company employees? The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of social alienation is the social responsibility of employees with emphasis on Petroleum Company Kermanshah. Specific goals include: - Determining the relationship between social alienation and social responsibility Kermanshah Oil Company employees. - The contribution of demographic variables and individual (level of education, enjoyment of the accommodations, service duration, gender, age, occupation and socio-economic settlement) on social responsibility Kermanshah Oil Company employees. Research hypotheses 1. The social alienation (social isolation, feelings of anomie, the feeling of meaninglessness, hatred of self and a sense of powerlessness) on social responsibility (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) has a significant impact. 2. the level of education and social responsibility dimensions are related. 3 between employment status and social responsibility dimensions are related. 4. The social and economic dimensions of social responsibility relationship between the settlements there. 5 between duration of service and social responsibility dimensions are related. 6. the gender of respondents and social responsibility dimensions are related. 7 between age and social responsibility dimensions are related. 8. The relationship between access to amenities and the staff there are aspects of social responsibility. 2- Method and Material The study is casual–descriptive method and survey by questionnaire. The research population consisted of all employee’s of oil product distribution company and refinery and pip line of Kermanshah. The results of SPSS Software and us of statistical testing example correlation, compare means , multiple regression and also. The 400 individuals were selected via systematic and simple random sampling. 3- Discussion of Results & Conclusions Research findings showed that the average of Social responsible reception is equal to 83.51 and this number is in a Lower Level in compare with expected average(105) and showed that employee’s in that organization have Less responsible reception. Analysis of variance showed that the average social responsibility to employees with formal employment status (84.49), arbitrary status (89.18), contract status (86.84) and joint (75.09) that this is a significant difference and is accepting. Average social responsibility to employees with educational level or high school diploma (83.38), my associate's degree (89.31), BSc (80.54) and the Masters (88.55) that this difference is meaningful and acceptable. The mean social responsibility to employees who live in the area an equal (94.29), those who live in two equal (81.11), and those who live in the area three times (77.24), which this is a significant difference and acceptance.Regression results show that the four variables: alienation (Beta=0.39), national identity (Beta=0.42), employment status (Beta=0.33), marital statues (Beta=0.26), education (Beta=0.21), gender (Beta=0.17) and age (Beta=0.13) entered to regression model and explained 59 percent of dependent variable variance(R²=0.59). Regression coefficients indicated that Alienation (Beta=-0.38), social welfare (Beta=0.20), social and economic residence (Beta=0.22) and education (0.19) entered into the regression model and explained 48 percent of the variance of the dependent variable (R2= 0.48). The results showed that feeling of helplessness and self-loathing can lead people to insignificance and perhaps with more intensive research to argue that fundamental sense of alienation is probably the organization. Those found guilty of mismatch between job alienation organization, they also reduced their corporate responsibility. People tend to evaluate themselves in social situations that get them on their valuable and social situations where positive feedback; do not get unnecessarily consider. The results show that the person in the organization or community that feels abandoned by other people The feeling of being in your life and loses its effectiveness, feeling of worthlessness and powerlessness finds, Can not be his friend and therefore reduced his sense of responsibility and belonging in the organization. It is proposed to reduce the social alienation of personnel, material and non-material rewards, the organizational delegate responsibilities to them, Their participation in organizational decisions and its views to provide constructive Adyh can make an effective contribution in this regard. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی در مسئولیت اجتماعی کارکنان شرکت نفت کرمانشاه است. این مطالعه با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی از نوع پیمایشی و ابزار پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخته انجام شد. جامعۀ آماری، کارکنان شرکت توزیع و پخش فراورده‌های نفتی، پالایشگاه و خط لولۀ کرمانشاه هستند. تعداد نمونۀ مدّنظر 400 نفر بود که با جدول لین و استفاده از دو روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای و تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. برای تحلیل یافته‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS و آزمون‌های آماری مانند همبستگی، مقایسه میانگین‌ها، رگرسیون چندگانه و سایر آزمون‌ها استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می‌دهند میانگین مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی برابر 51/83 است که این نمره در مقایسه با میانگین مدّنظر (105) در حد پایین‌تری قرار دارد و نشان می‌دهد کارکنان در سازمان مذکور، مسئولیت‌پذیری کمتری دارند. نتایج نشان می‌دهند ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی درکل با مسئولیت اجتماعی در بعد قانونی (218/0- =r)، در بعد اقتصادی (234/0- =r)، در بعد اخلاقی (373/0- =r)، در بعد بشردوستانه (186/0- =r) و در کل با مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی (36/0- =r) رابطۀ معنادار دارد. میزان برخورداری از امکانات رفاهی با مسئولیت اجتماعی در بعد قانونی (157/0=r)، در بعد اقتصادی (011/0 =r)، در بعد اخلاقی (046/0=r) و در بعد بشردوستانه (106/0 =r) و در کل، با مسئولیت‌پذیری اجتماعی (116/0 =r) رابطۀ معنادار دارد. نتایج تحلیل واریانس نشان می‌دهند میانگین مسئولیت اجتماعی برای کارکنان با وضعیت شغلی رسمی (49/83)، وضعیت قراردادی (18/89)، وضعیت پیمانی (84/86) و شرکتی برابر (09/75) بوده که این تفاوت، معنادار و پذیرفته‌شده است. میانگین مسئولیت اجتماعی برای کارکنان با مقطع تحصیلی دیپلم و زیر دیپلم (38/83)، فوق‌دیپلم (31/89)، کارشناسی (54/80) و کارشناسی ارشد برابر (55/83) بوده که این تفاوت، معنادار و پذیرفتنی است. همچنین میانگین مسئولیت اجتماعی برای کارکنان ساکن منطقۀ یک، برابر (29/94)، ساکنان منطقۀ دو، برابر (11/81) و ساکنان منطقۀ سه، برابر (24/77) بوده که این تفاوت معنادار و پذیرفتنی است. نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چندگانه نشان می‌دهند چهار متغیر ازخودبیگانگی اجتماعی (38/0- = Beta)، میزان برخورداری از امکانات رفاهی (20/0- = Beta)، سکونتگاه اقتصادی اجتماعی (22/0 = Beta) و تحصیلات (19/0 = Beta) به‌ترتیب میزان اهمیتی که در تبیین متغیر وابسته داشتند، وارد معادلۀ رگرسیونی شد و درمجموع، توانستند 48/0 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را تبیین کنند و توضیح دهند (48/0=R²).

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21713_b149715c52d834d97332104caae28c06.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 An Analysis of the Relationship Between Organizational Socialization, Leadership Behavior, Organizational Identification and Organizational Culture with Organizational Citizenship Behavior (the Case of staff personnel of Iran s Education Ministry, Isfahan Branch) تحلیل رابطة بین جامعه‌پذیری سازمانی، رفتار رهبری، هویت سازمانی و فرهنگ سازمانی با رفتار شهروندی سازمانی در بین کارکنان ستادی آموزش و پرورش شهر اصفهان 153 176 21716 10.22108/jas.2017.21716 FA محمد علی نادی دانشیار، گروه مدیریت آموزشی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، ایران زهره مشایخی دانشجوی دکترای مدیریت آموزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، ایران Journal Article 2016 02 13 Introduction Educational organizations are the panoramic manifestations of positive meta-role behaviors, i.e. organizational citizenship behavior, in the community’s organizations and the personality context. Moreover, moral and cultural values of individuals are shaped within this structure. Often, organizations with a strong support system will realize their pre-determined objectives more successfully and in fact the office staff are those individuals who develop and improve legal, scientific, and technological infrastructure. The outcome witnessed in the educational system is due to this desirable process. When these office systems are entered into the cycle of serving the customers, the significance of these staff and their role in the organization will be multiplied. Neglecting and lack of provision of non-functional services, which are defined by using the citizenship behavior framework, will have several negative social consequences. Therefore, maintaining these behaviors and identifying factors affecting them will pave the way for realizing applicable outcomes in the educational system. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between organizational socialization, leadership behavior, organizational identification and organizational culture with organizational citizenship behavior. Materials & Methods Regarding the objectives, the current study uses an applied method since it tries to measure the impacts of organizational socialization in all its aspects (training, understanding, coworker support, and future prospects) through organizational identification as well as the impact of leadership behavior on organizational citizenship behavior through organizational culture. Regarding the data gathering method, this study is a descriptive-correlative study. The research population includes all staff personnel of Iran’s education ministry; Isfahan Branch (742 people). A sample size of 254 people was selected using cluster random sampling method. Accordingly, 18 participants from zone one, 27 participants from zone two, 31 participants from zone three, 34 participants from zone four, 30 participants from zone five, 19 participants from zone six, and 97 participants from the general office were selected as the sample of the study. Data collection instruments consist of several questionnaires including Taormina’s (1994) Organizational Socialization Questionnaire, Queen’s et al. (2009) Leadership Behavior Questionnaire, Mael and Ashforth’s (1992) Organizational Identification Questionnaire, Wallach’s (1983) Organizational Culture Questionnaire, and Wang’s (2004) Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire. The construct validity of the research tools was confirmed using factor analysis through main components and the reliability of the tools was confirmed using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (organizational socialization: 0.893; leadership behavior: 0.988; organizational identity: 0.85; organizational culture: 0.918; organizational citizenship behavior: 0.816). Among the 254 distributed questionnaires, 253 questionnaires were returned, giving a return rate of 0.99. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Findings from this research, indicated a significant positive relationship between organizational socialization, leadership behavior, organizational identification and organizational culture with the organizational citizenship behavior. Also socialization and leadership behavior did mediation effects on organizational identification and OCB relatively. Based on calculating goodness-of-fit index (GFI) of 0.94 and adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of 0.92 and also the square of root mean squared error (RMSEA) of 0.021, the structural equations had appropriate goodness-of-fit.To be more specific,based on the findings of the mean, standard deviation, and internal correlation among the research variables, it can be said that at the error level of , each pair of the variables had positive and significant relationships with each other. The strongest relationship was between leadership behavior and organizational culture with the value of 0.658 and the weakest relationship was between leadership behavior and organizational citizenship behavior with the value of 0.279. Considering the correlation between predicting and criteria variables as well as the linear nature of the relationship and the normal distribution of the data, the conditions for performing structural equation modeling (SEM) were ideal. Based on the findings of the structural equation modeling, 40 percent of the variance of organizational identity is common with organizational socialization, 88 percent of the variance of organizational citizenship behavior is common with organizational identification, and 88 percent of the variance of organizational citizenship behavior is common with organizational socialization. Moreover, 41 percent of the variance of organizational culture is common with leadership behavior, 88 percent of the variance of organizational citizenship behavior is common with organizational culture, and 88 percent of the variance of organizational citizenship behavior is common with leadership behavior. On the other hand, the direct impact of organizational socialization on organizational citizenship behavior with the values of is significant and the indirect impact of organizational socialization through organizational identity on organizational citizenship behavior with the values of is also significant and generally, the effects of organizational socialization on organizational citizenship behavior with the values of are significant. Moreover, the direct impact of leadership behavior through organizational culture on organizational citizenship behavior with the values of is not significant. However, the general impact of leadership behavior on organizational citizenship behavior with is significant. Based on the other findings of structural equation modeling, the value of goodness of fit measure is 0.94, the adjustment fit is 0.92, the normer fit is 0.94, and the comparative fitness is 0.99 and since they are larger than 0.90 or 0.80, the model is accepted. The square root of the variance estimation error of approximation was 0.021 which is smaller than 0.06, indicating that the model has a good fit. The ratio of Chi-square to degree of freedom () is 1.1 and considering the fact that in an ideal fitness this ratio equals 1.0, this value indicates that the model shows a good fitness. Overall, based on all these above-mentioned values it can be said that the structural equation model for the relationships among the variables has an acceptable fitness characteristic. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the managers of Iran’s education ministry pay special attention to increasing the socialization capability of the new employees by helping them get familiar with the different departments of the organization, the managers and other colleagues, the rules and regulations, and formal and informal organizational procedures. Moreover, they must provide job specification and required expectations from the new employees. They must clearly describe the reward and promotion system in the organization and avoid hiding anything in this regard. They must care about the career development and enrichment of the employees and also utilize the hidden resources (retired employees) of the organization for optimal improvement of the organizational socialization. They must scrutinize employees with immoral behaviors and find the roots of these behaviors. They must select the working environment and the duties and functions of the employees based on their personality traits. They must also remember to pay attention to the needs of the employees and provide various interesting training courses regarding their needs and requirements. Among the limitations of the current study, it can be said that the causal relationships in this study are investigated through structural equation modeling and hence, the results are not pure and should not be considered as the results of experimental research studies where the results are highly pure. On the other hand, the causal relationships in the current study are based on correlative relationships and the probable and potential impacts of other variables in these relations may have been missed or neglected by the researchers. The statistical population of the study includes the office staff of the Educational and Training Organization of Isfahan City, so we have to be very careful while generalizing the results of this study for the employees of other organizations, particularly non-educational organizations, and employees working in other geographical areas. It is recommended that future researchers to carry out similar studies in other cities, other organizations, and among the principals and teachers of different educational levels so that this model can be analyzed in a more generalized scale. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطة بین جامعه‌پذیری سازمانی، رفتار رهبری، هویت سازمانی و فرهنگ سازمانی با رفتار شهروندی سازمانی به مرحله اجرا درآمد. از جامعة آماری 742 نفری کارکنان ستادی آموزش و پرورش شهر اصفهان براساس فرمول تعیین حجم نمونه کرجسی و مورگان (1970) 254 نفر، تعیین و سپس براساس روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای، نسبتی حجم هر ناحیه آموزش و پرورش مشخص شد. ابزارهای پژوهش، پرسش‌نامة20 سؤالی جامعه‌پذیری سازمانی تائورمینا (1994)، پرسش‌نامة 36 سؤالی رفتار رهبری کویین و همکاران (2009)، پرسش‌نامة 6 سؤالی هویت سازمانی مائیل و آشفورث (1992)، پرسش‌نامة 24 سؤالی فرهنگ سازمانی والاچ (1983) و پرسش‌نامة 8 سؤالی رفتار شهروندی سازمانی وانگ (2004) بوده است که روایی سازه آن با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی به روش مؤلفه‌های اصلی و پایایی آن با آلفای کرونباخ (جامعه‌پذیری سازمانی893/0، رفتار رهبری 988/0، هویت سازمانی 85/0، فرهنگ سازمانی 918/0 و رفتار شهروندی سازمانی 816/0) تأیید شد. از 254 پرسش‌نامة توزیع‌شده، 253 پرسش‌نامه با میزان بازگشت 99/0 برگردانده شد. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها در دو سطح آمار توصیفی و استنباطی انجام گرفت. یافته‌های حاصل از پژوهش در سطح خطای (P≤0/05) نشان داد بین جامعه‌پذیری سازمانی، رفتار رهبری، هویت سازمانی و فرهنگ سازمانی با رفتار شهروندی سازمانی رابطة مثبت و معنادار وجود دارد. همچنین جامعه‌پذیری به واسطة هویت سازمانی و رفتار رهبری به واسطة فرهنگ سازمانی بر رفتار شهروندی سازمانی اثر داشته‌اند. براساس مقادیر شاخص‌های نیکویی برازش تعدیل‌شده برازندگی و جذر واریانس خطای تقریب الگوی معادلات ساختاری، برازش مناسب دارد.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21716_dc54744decfe0a6dac3b50731c7ec26d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 A Model of the Relationship between Social Capital and Quality of Educational Life طراحی یک الگو از رابطة بین سرمایة اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی آموزشی 177 194 21440 10.22108/jas.2017.21440 FA عبدالمجید ارفعی مقدم استادیار، گروه پژوهشی مطالعات‌اجتماعی مرکز پژوهشی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری ایران Journal Article 2016 01 30 Introduction: Improvement in quality of life is a general aim for all developmental programs in all countries around the world. This study provides some background material on social capital and quality of educational life and discusses how social capital may extend our understanding of society and standards of life. The two parameters of quality of life and social capital are known as the wealth factors of a given country, which affect economic growth and comprehensive development of the society. Therefore, their effectiveness will lead to the improvement of life quality and social capital. The common goal in each society is to promote the quality of life, and the perspective of human life depends on a better knowledge of elements involved in the quality of life. Parts of the issue depend on the quality of our relationships with each other, and formal and informal groups in, for example, scientific interactions in universities that are expressed as social capital. This study investigates the perceptions of university students about social capital and its impact on quality of educational life. It projects a model of relationship between social capital and the quality of educational life among postgraduate students of universities. The study is based on three approaches: theories of social capital (Bourdieu, Putnam and Coleman), social learning (Bandura) and symbolic interactionism (Mead, Cooley and Becker). Material & Method: The research method is survey-descriptive. Research population consists of postgraduate students in two universities; Hakim Sabzevari University (43%) and University of Mashhad (57%). Accordingly, 335 students were randomized in 2015 and 2016. Data were collected by two questionnaires of social capital and quality of educational life. The scale of social capital consists of four dimensions: interaction and participation, academic cognition (positive and negative thoughts), social trust, and scientific communication between teachers and students. The quality of educational life questionnaire includes nine dimensions: educational obligation, scientific ability of students, sense of competence, positive attitude towards university, foresight, progress and adventure, social and mental health, educational commitment, and overall satisfaction with the university. The reliabilities of the social capital questionnaire and quality of educational life were achieved by Cronbach Alpha Test (0.896, 0. 712, respectively). The sample was selected by using simple and stratified random sampling method. The population was divided according to the type of the universities, gender, faculty, department, and field of study. For statistical tests, the correlation coefficient and multiple regression models (stepwise method) were applied using SPSS-PC (V. 22). Moreover, the structural equation modeling was applied as a multivariate technique using AMOS software (V. 22). Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The major findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between social capital and quality of educational life. Multiple regression analysis also indicates that except social participation, all indicators of social capital are included as predictors of quality of educational life in universities. These results showed that quality of educational life is at a desirable condition among students of those universities, and scientific cognition and participation have the highest effect on components of social capital. So, two variables of scientific ability, achievements and adventure have the highest correlation coefficient on the quality of educational life. Educational obligation and positive attitude towards universities increase the quality of educational life. The results also indicate that there is a desirable adequacy level in students' attitude towards quality of educational life (above 50%). However, the lowest level of desirability belonged to the indicators of achievement and adventure (55%), and the highest level to social and mental health (78%).Finally, the desirability level of social capital indicators (four components) are estimated to be between 65% (participation indicator) and 81% (scientific communication indicator). هدف و روش پژوهش: هدفاینتحقیق، طراحی یک الگو از رابطة بین سرمایة اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگیآموزشیبین دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی دانشگاه است. روش پژوهش، از نوع توصیفی و ییمایشی است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش، دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی دو دانشگاه مشهد و حکیم سبزواری هستند. نمونه‌های آماری این پژوهش را 335 نفر تشکیل می‌دهند که در مقطع زمانی 95-1394 به‌طور تصادفی انتخاب شده‌اند. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با دو پرسش‌نامة سرمایة اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی آموزشی در نرم‌افزار SPSSورژن 22 تحلیل شده است.نتایج: ضریب آلفای کرونباخ در گویه‌های سرمایة اجتماعی 896/0 برآورد شده است. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ در پرسش‌نامه در کیفیت زندگی آموزشی (نه متغیر) بین حداقل 712/0 ( توانایی علمی دانشجو) و حداکثر 881/0 (انسجام آموزشی) برآورد شده است. نتایج این بررسی نشاندادشرایط درخور قبولی از شاخص‌های کیفیت زندگی آموزشی در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه وجود دارد. متغیرهای شناخت علمی و مشارکت علمی، بیشترین نقش را در مؤلف‌های سرمایة اجتماعی دارند. دو متغیر توانایی علمی و پیشرفت و ماجراجویی بر کیفیت زندگی آموزشی بیشترین همبستگی را دارند و همین‌طور ببشترین ضریب همبستگی متغیرهای کیفیت زندگی به دو متغیر توانایی علمی و پیشرفت و ماجراجویی تعلق دارد. به‌دنبال آن متغیرهای تعهدات علمی و نگرش مثبت به دانشگاه، اهمیت زیادی در ارتقای کیفیت زندگی آموزشی آنان دارند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21440_2b2ea257588e38a14c71fd607b7e656b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 Barriers to Meritocracy in Governmental Organizations of Shiraz City in the Viewpoint of Experts in Fars Governor General Office موانع تحقق شایسته‌سالاری در سازمان‌های دولتی شهر شیراز از دیدگاه کارشناسان استانداری فارس 195 218 21718 10.22108/jas.2017.21718 FA مجتبی شاهنوشی استادیار گروه مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی فرهنگی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان) میترا دادخواه کارشناس ارشد مدیریت دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان Journal Article 2016 05 04 Introduction Generally speaking, the efficiency of any organization depends on the proper management and use of its human resources, and a successful organization is one that can achieve its own goals with the help of experienced managers. One of the important factors here is the appointment of qualified people in positions proportional to their ability, experience and qualifications, which is discussed in the form of meritocracy system. Although the meritocracy management practices based on Islamic teachings are generally accepted in Iran, there is no comprehensive understanding of the relationship between meritocracy in management and the Islamic culture dominant in this country (Danaeifard, 2011: 244). Now, considering the importance of meritocracy and the selection of personnel based on competency components, we should see what major barriers exist for the establishment or expansion of this important principle in organizations. Britannica defines the word "meritocracy" as a system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement, qualifications and competency in them - not on the basis of their wealth or political status - and people will follow the path of progress and prosperity on the basis of their competence. According to this definition, meritocracy is a spiritual title given to a person admired by others because of doing something correctly and efficiently and gaining a particular and definite interest by doing that. In its simplest sense, a competent person is one who, under equal work conditions, does a job better than others and has greater efficiency than them (Ghahramani, 2006). Reflecting on the political-social ideas of Islam and analyzing the excellent religious teachings, one can understand the position of meritocracy well. Justice, as a religious principle, has instances such as meritocracy in the social arena. After the victory of the Islamic Revolution, the lack of increase of salary proportionate to the inflation rate and the development of new approaches in public administration led to paying more attention to the employees, while managers and the officials began to take measures from time to time, developing plans on administrative and employment legislation to promote efficiency and improve the employees' living conditions. However, such actions have not been effective and serious enough to result in progress and change toward establishing a meritocratic system (Memarzadeh, 40: 2012). Many studies were conducted in the early 1970s with the behavioral competencies approach. These studies sought to present a list of general competencies and determine what competencies will boost business performance. Boyatzis's Excellent Competency Model (1982), Spencer's Overall Management Model (1994) Schroeder's Managerial Performance Competencies (1989) and Delvickios Superior Competency Model (1998) are among the models dealing with competency with the behavioral approach. However, the theoretical model of the present research was designed based on the existing different viewpoints, the literature and the interviews conducted with some of the practitioners familiar with the administrative issues of Iran. Materials and Methods This is an applied research in terms of goal, a descriptive- survey in terms of the data collection method, and explanatory in terms of the analysis method. The population includes the formal and contracted personnel of Fars Governor General Office, who had degrees starting from high-school diploma to higher educational degrees. They were exactly 200 individuals, of whom a sample size of 120 cases was selected based on the Morgan table. A stratified random sampling method has been used in this study. We have used field research and questionnaires in order to collect the practically required information. To achieve this, we have used a self-designed questionnaire consisting of 46 questions. To test the validity of the questionnaire, we used content and face validity methods, confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. To test the hypotheses, we used one-sample T-test the results of which are as follow: Discussion of Results and Conclusions Based on the results obtained, the mean score of the responses related to the inappropriate cultural tendencies as one of the barriers to meritocracy was 22.383, the t-statistic was 11.98, and the significance level was 0.000 (sig = 0/0); therefore, we may say that inappropriate cultural tendencies are a barrier to meritocracy according to the view of the respondents. Likewise, the mean score of the responses related to the items of law evasion index was 42.283, the t-statistic was 13.57, and the significance level was 0.000 (sig = 0/0); therefore, we may say that the respondents find law evasion as a barrier to meritocracy. Based on the results obtained, the mean score of the responses related to the employees' human characteristics index was 40.66, the t-statistic was 13.847, and the significance level was 0.000 (sig = 0/0); therefore, we may say that the respondents find the employees' human characteristics as a barrier to meritocracy. Based on the results obtained, the mean score of the responses related to the inappropriate organizational structure as a barrier to meritocracy was 56.078, the t-statistic was 18.476, and the significance level was 0.000 (sig = 0/0); therefore, we may say that the respondents find inappropriate organizational structure as a barrier to meritocracy.Based on the results obtained, the mean score of the responses related to the politicization of work as one of the barriers to meritocracy was 0.330, the t-statistic was 13.669, and the significance level was 0.000 (sig = 0/0); therefore, we may say that the respondents find politicization of work as a barrier to meritocracy. We used the non-parametric Friedman Test in order to rank the indices with the following results: 1) Inappropriate organizational structure, 2) Law evasion, 3) employees' human characteristics, 4) Inappropriate cultural tendencies, and 5) Politicization of work. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی موانع تحقق شایسته‌سالاری در سازمان‌های دولتی در سطح شهر شیراز است. عوامل درون و برون‌سازمانی شایسته‌سالاری در سازمان، احصاء و به تحلیل و چالش کشیده شده است. این پژوهش ازحیـث هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر شیوة ‌جمع‌آوری داده‌هاتوصیفیاز نوع پیمـایشی است. جامعة آماری پژوهش، 200 نفر از کارکنان استانداری فارس است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول مورگان در جامعة محدود به تعداد 127 نفر محاسبه شد. شیوة نمونه‌گیری پژوهش، تصادفی طبقه‌ای و از نوع متناسب با حجم هر طبقه بوده است. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسش‌نامة ‌محقق‌ساخته با 46 سؤال است. روایی پرسش‌نامه به دو روش محتوایی و صوری انجام شده است. برای تعیین پایایی پرسش‌نامه از روش آلفای کرونباخ و در تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش بیان می‌کند ازنظر پاسخ‌گویان، موانع تحقق شایسته‌سالاری در سازمان‌ها عوامل درون‌سازمانی و برون‌سازمانی هستند. عوامل درون‌سازمانی، ساختار نامناسب و ویژگی‌های شخصیتی و عوامل برون‌سازمانی، گرایش‌های فرهنگی نامناسب، قانون‌گریزی و سیاسی کاری را شامل می‌شوند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21718_da75d5c0b82f17f9a706109cdec529bf.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 28 3 2017 09 23 The Study of job conflicts among females organization stuff(The case of selected educational formations in Hamedan) بررسی تعارض های شغلی زنان شاغل در نظام دیوان سالاری ( مورد مطالعه: اداره‌های منتخب شهر همدان) 219 231 21714 10.22108/jas.2017.21714 FA اسداله نقدی دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، ایران خاطره ترکمان کارشناس ارشد جامعه شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، ایران Journal Article 2014 12 03 Introduction In modern society's organizations is one the mean development tools. Human resources are basic to access on high function in bureaucracy systems. Nowadays, women's participation in social activities as part of their social rights, but cultural and social barriers there are many in this way. Many researchers believe that stuff is one of the main sources of manpower and stimulating development. So if the use of human resources opportunities, has developed one of the parameters necessary for the realization of this important provision of equitable participation of all segments of society, including women. Social participation of women in various fields in Iran has been increasing over recent decades. One of the most important areas of economic and social transformation, presence and participation of women in organizations and government organizations but at The same with this increasing we are seeing some limitations and conflicts for women as job and role conflict's. Then Iranian society generally and on a smaller scale in the province, while the phenomenon of female participation is considered an opportunity for women. On the one hand, traditional community structures (Hamadan) in the social participation of women of women alongside men in the public are looks with suspicion and even sometimes do resistance act against it. On the other hand there are many challenges within organizations. If we accept that socio-cultural structure of cities such as Hamadan have a high potential of against the new changes, still somewhat cautious, it is natural that the corporate culture of the environment in terms of Hofstede and Edgar Schein are affected. For example, high and middle level managerial positions in organizations typically "male-dominated" are defined. Product of the interaction of social, emotional or sexual discrimination experienced by women within the organization. One of the components of organizational culture view of the status of women in the administrative structure. Martials and methods Here we used survey as research method by using a questionnaire was developed by researchers. total number of the female stuff as population who worked in governmental administrative in Hamadan, were about 4,500 people .base on Morgan statistics sampling, sample size selected 350 women those who working in the three selected organizations (Bu-Ali Sina University , Department of education and the University of Hamedan medical Sciences) then to find questionnaire validate and reliability researchers done a pretests among 30 responds. After analyzing of pretest data's Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire obtain / 72 respectively. Discussion of results and conclusions: based on Iranian culture and expectations from women as mother and wife the those females that decided to option employment accrue with many challenges in organization and at the same time in their families. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between conflict of job and family problems among different socio-economic situation peoples. Women in high cultural capital households faced low difficulties in compare with low conditions. As well as gender stereotypes, cultural capital, having children, marital status, social support and family problems with the conflict there is a significant relationship. people in the family after the conflict goes without saying that one of the important factors that affect the family. Individual factors - such as multiple family roles and the stress of having a child, unfavorable physical characteristics, low achievement motivation, fear of failure, adverse parental occupation and education status of job conflicts affect women. significantly indicates the importance of family problems job working women in conflict. All this is due to gender patterns .base on social learning and cognitive theory both observational learning as one of the most important factors of gender patterns are emphasized. According to this theory, children appropriate behavior in situations mimic the same sex. Different characteristics in each community based on the gender of the people expected them to be, the product of sexual socialization process that is based on it ((the men for masculinity and femininity of women)) in accordance with the definitions contained in any social community are. There is no doubt that children and adults about the stance defined by culture where women and men share what it means. Gender stereotypes in the broader culture and in social interactions are mastered and the beginning of life, children are bombarded with gender stereotypes. نظام‌های دیوان‌سالاری از ارکان توسعۀ کشورها محسوب می‌شوند. برای کارآمدی این نظام، داشتن نیروی منابع انسانی از شروط لازم و بنیادین است. حضور زنان در سال‌های اخیر در سازمان‌ها روبه‌گسترش بوده است؛ اما در کنار گسترش مشارکت اجتماعی زنان ازجمله حضور در بازار کار و استخدام در سازمان‌های دولتی و شرکت‌های خصوصی، تعارض‌های شغلی نیز برای زنان روبه‌افزایش بوده است. روش پژوهش حاضر، پیمایش با استفاده از پرسشنامۀ محقق‌ساخته است. جامعۀ آماری، کل زنان شاغل سازمان های دولتی شهر همدان بوده که حدود 4500 نفر است که با استفاده از جدول مورگان، حجم نمونه 350 نفر و افراد مدّنظر از زنان شاغل در سه سازمان منتخب (دانشگاه بوعلی، سازمان آموزش و پرورش و دانشگاه علوم پزشکی) بوده است. اعتبار ابزار گردآوری داده با استفاده از آلفای کرونباخ برای کل پرسشنامه 72/0 بوده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد بین تعارض شغلی و مشکلات خانوادگی، تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد. همچنین کلیشه‌های جنسیتی، سرمایۀ فرهنگی، داشتن فرزند، تأهل، حمایت‌های اجتماعی و مشکلات خانوادگی با تعارض شغلی زنان شاغل، ارتباط معنی‌داری وجود دارد

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21714_9bd4e7c499307f54740cb9d19054bd2b.pdf