دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Socio-Demographic Attitude towards Emerging Forms of Family in Iran نگرش جمعیت‌شناختی و اجتماعی به شکل‌های نوظهور خانواده در ایران 1 20 23571 10.22108/jas.2019.111964.1434 FA یعقوب فروتن دانشیار جمعیت شناسی گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه مازندران Journal Article 2018 07 07 Introduction According to the second demographic transition theory, the contemporary societies are facing an increasing range of emerging forms of family, which is the central focus of the present study. One of the main characteristics of the past centruries so-called ‘Golden Age’ was the importance of family and the stability of marital union. On the contrary, contemporary societies are witnessing substantial challenges in family ties and marital union. Some of these family challenges are the increasing proportion of unmarried individuals, growing age of marriage, substantial fall in birth and fertility rate, the increasing trends of divorce, childlessness, one-child family, single-parent family, and cohabitation. In particular, this article presents research-based evidence to explore patterns and determinants associated with attitudes toward emerging forms of family identified by childlessness, one-child family, single-parent family, and cohabitation. Material & Methods This analysis is based on a survey conducted in rural and urban areas of Ahvaz, Babolsar, Bojnord, Esfarayen, GonbadKavos, Kamyaran, Khoramabad, Mahmoudabad, Hamadan, and Saghez. The survey includes 4267 males and females aged 15 years old and over. The main independent variable of this analysis is the emerging forms of family, which is measured and identified by childlessness, one-child family, single-parent family, and cohabitation. In addition, the dependents variables of this study are classified in three major categories. The first category of independent variables referes to demographic factors: age, gender (males, females), place of residence (rural and urban areas), marital status, and level of education. The second category of independent variables is related to gender attitude. It is measured in this analysis by the attitude of individuals towards the male-breadwinner model and women’s employment outside the home. The last category of independent variables includes religiosity. It is measured in this analysis in three ways: individuals’ self-assesment about their religiosity, their attitudes towards women’s dress codes or hijab, and attitude towards women’s right to decide about dress codes or hijab. Discussion of Results & Conclusion On the basis of the preliminary results of this analysis, the following general patterns can be highlighted. First, childlessness is substantially unacceptable as only 2 percent of people hold positive attitude toward this emerging form of family. Second, about one-tenth of people are positive towards one-child family. Third, a relatively greater proportion of people hold positive attitudes towards both single-parent family and cohabitation since around 20 per cent of people are positive towards each of these two emerging forms of family. Moreover, these general patterns are significantly affected by three groups of determinants. It includes determinants related to gender attitudes, religiosity, and basic demographic determinants such as age, place of residence, marital status, and education. For example, the unmarrieds are more likely than the marrieds to hold a positive attitude towards the emerging forms of family. It is even more visible and stronger among the divorced ones, as compared with both singles and the marrieds. The divorced individuals are twice as likely as both singles and the marrieds to hold a positive attitude towards the emerging forms of family. This applies to the all emerging forms of family considered in this study: one-child family, single-parent family, and cohabitation. Another example relates to the effect of educational level: the higher the level of education, the greater the proportion of positive attitude towards the all emerging forms of family including one-child family, single-parent family, and cohabitation. Another demographic determinant in this analysis is age composition which plays a significant role in the attitude towards emerging forms of family: while the older age cohorts are more conservative and largely hold negative attitude towards the all emerging forms of family, the opposite exists among the younger age cohorts. For instance, the proportion of positive attitude towards cohabition amongst the youger cohort aged 15-24 years old is more than 5 times greater than the corresponding proportion amongst the older cohort aged 50 years and above. This also reflects an overwhelming generational gap with regards to the social perception towards the emerging forms of family. In conclusion, the results of this study can be mainly summerized and explained by the traditiaonalism-modenization model, suggesting that the positive attitudes towards emerging forms of family are substantially associated with modern and liberal beliefs: the stronger the later, the higher the former. مطابق نظریۀ گذار جمعیت‌‎شناختی دوم، در جوامع معاصر طیف فزاینده‌ای از شکل‌های نوظهور خانواده‌ مشاهده می‌شود. موضوع محوری این پژوهش، مطالعۀ این شکل‌های نوظهور در قالب مؤلفه‌های چهارگانه مشتمل بر خانوادۀ بی‌فرزندی، خانوادۀ تک‌فرزندی، خانوادۀ تک‌والدی و زندگی مشترک بدون ازدواج است. تلاش شده است شواهد پژوهشی سبب شناخت بهتر برخی از مهم‌ترین الگوها و تعیین‌کننده‌های مرتبط با چگونگی نگرش نسبت به این مؤلفه‌های چهارگانه شوند. مباحث این مقاله بر تجزیه و تحلیل‌های یک بررسی پیمایشی مبتنی‌اند و جمعیت نمونۀ آن را در کل تعداد 4267 نفر مردان و زنان ‌15ساله و بالاتر ساکن در نقاط شهری و روستایی شهرستان‌های منتخب ایران تشکیل داده‌اند. تجزیه و تحلیل‌های اولیه نشان‌دهندۀ چهار الگوی کلی است؛ اول اینکه، میزان نگرش مثبت به الگوی خانوادۀ بی‌فرزندی بسیار اندک (کمتر از 2 درصد) است. دوم اینکه، حدود یک‌دهم جمعیت مطالعه‌شده به الگوی خانوادۀ تک‌فرزندی نگرش مثبت دارند. الگوهای سوم و چهارم نیز به خانوادۀ تک‌والدی و زندگی مشترک بدون ازدواج یا زوج‌زیستی مربوط‌اند و حدود یک‌پنجم جمعیت مطالعه‌شده نسبت به این شکل‌های نوظهور خانواده نگرش مثبت دارند. در عین حال، این الگوهای کلی به‌طور معناداری از سه دسته عوامل تعیین‌کننده شامل متغیرها و تعیین‌کننده‌های جمعیت‌شناختی پایه (مانند محل سکونت، وضعیت تأهل، سن و سطح تحصیلات)، متغیرهای مرتبط با مؤلفه‌های دین و دینداری و متغیرهای معطوف به نگرش جنسیتی تأثیر می‌گیرند. مطابق نتایج تحلیل‌های چندمتغیره، متغیرهای مستقل پژوهش مشتمل بر جنسیت، محل سکونت، گروه سنی، تحصیلات و وضعیت تأهل 5/16 درصد از تغییرات نگرش به خانوادۀ تک‌والدی، 5/17 درصد از تغییرات نگرش به تک‌فرزندی و ۱9 درصد از تغییرات نگرش به زوج‌زیستی را تبیین می‌کنند. در مجموع، یافته‌های این پژوهش در چارچوب الگوی دوگانۀ سنت‌گرایی – نوگرایی‌ جمع‌بندی و تبیین می‌شوند؛ یعنی هرچه جنبۀ نگرش سنتی ضعیف‌تر و بر قوت نگرش مدرن و غیرسنتی افزوده شود، میزان نگرش مثبت به شکل‌های نوظهور خانواده تشدید می‌شود.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_23571_5fcf9e84b208bcbb8b20e33a505c9909.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Fatigue and Satisfaction due to Compassion: the Experiences of Mother Caregivers of a Child with Disability خستگی و رضایت ناشی از شفقت‌ورزی: تجربۀ مادران مراقب فرزند توانخواه 21 34 24050 10.22108/jas.2019.114021.1557 FA اعظم نقوی استادیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0003-0559-6192 فهیمه زمانی فروشانی کارشناس‌ارشد مشاوره، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2018 11 19 Introduction Family caregivers around the world care for the patients alongside the professionals with a difference that they do not get paid. Since the role of caregiving often happens suddenly and without prediction, the family might not have a predetermined plan and the available resources cannot be matched to their needs. This creates a pressure for caregivers and currently has affected many people around the world. According to the Global burden of disease study, it is estimated that around 15 percent of the world population suffer from some type of disabilities. It is also estimated that around 93 million children are living with severe or moderate disability (cited in WHO, 2011). In the majority of the cases, mothers are the primary caregivers. The aim of this research was to study the experiences of mothers of children with disability and the main question was whether and how mothers experience compassion fatigue and/or compassion satisfaction. Materials and Methods Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis approach was employed to analyze two sets of data. The first set of data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 mothers with at least one child with a disability and the second set of data came from memories of 8 mothers with a child with disability that was published online in a NGO supporting families of children with special needs. The interviewees were mothers between 35 and 67 years old, the majority had one child with a severe disability, one participant cared for two and one participant cared for three children with severe disability. The children were between 10 and 48 and mothers were the primary caregivers the whole time. Participants were selected through snowball sampling. The other set of data were interviews published online with mothers who were caregivers of a child with disability. The interviews were analyzed until reaching to the saturation point. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke (2006) six stages of thematic analysis. Three main themes including pathway from motherhood identity to caregiver identity, perceived social support, and the blessing of caregiving were drawn from the data. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results were categorized into three themes: pathway from motherhood identity to caregiver identity, perceived social support, and the blessing of caregiving. According to the findings, mothers will experience a sudden transition from mothering to caregiver role and will face grief over losing their wishes for their children future. The majority of participants talked about their shock and disbelief after hearing the bad news. They felt they were suddenly thrown out of their calm life to a situation without readiness. Mothers suddenly faced with news that, apart from their motherhood role, had to take a new role of caregiving. Women mentioned that they had little perceived social support from families, friends, relatives or even their husband. It is observed that emotional problems and compassion fatigue that women were experiencing were mostly drawn from social stigma and social isolation rather than the caregiving itself. Somatization and pain were the common effects of caregiving that women complained about but all women believed that caregiving were a blessing for them. In fact, after accepting the new situation, women actively looked for coping strategies and available services. However, they were not passive and they were actively looking for a way to cope with the transition from motherhood to caregiver and experience compassion satisfaction. Taking a break, traveling, making herself busy, advocacy, and spirituality were some of the coping strategies women mentioned. Employing coping strategies and looking at the caregiving role as a blessing, leads to compassion satisfaction for participants. The result of this study can be helpful in creating interventions to facilitate adjusting with deep changes in the mother caregivers and empowering women toward a successful transition. مراقبان خانگی در تمام دنیا در کنار متخصصان نظام سلامت از بیماران مراقبت می‌کنند؛ اما برای این مراقبت حقوقی دریافت نمی‌کنند و در بیشتر موارد نیازهای آنها نادیده گرفته می‌‌شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر، مطالعۀ تجربۀ مادران دارای فرزند توانخواه از خستگی یا رضایت ناشی از شفقت‌ورزی است. روش انجام این پژوهش کیفی و از نوع تحلیل مضمون براون و کلارک است. برای این منظور دو مجموعه از داده‌ها تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. مجموعۀ اول داده‌ها براساس مصاحبۀ عمیق با 12 مادر بود که دست‌کم یک فرزند توانخواه داشتند و به روش نمونه‌گیری گلوله‌برفی انتخاب شدند و مجموعۀ دوم از داده‌‌ها براساس خاطرات 8 مادر توانخواه بود که در کانال رسمی یکی از انجمن‌‌های خیریه‌‌ منتشر شده بود. یافته‌‌های به‎‌دست‌آمده در این پژوهش در سه مضمون اصلی گذار از هویت مادرانه به هویت مراقب، حمایت ادراک‌شده و برکت نگهداری از فرزند دسته‌بندی شد. براساس یافته‌‌های به‌دست‌آمده مصاحبه‌شوندگان ابتدا گذاری ناگهانی از هویت مادرانه به مراقبتی داشته‌اند و همزمان با این گذار حمایت اجتماعی کمی را ادراک می‌کنند. مادران فعالانه به‌دنبال درمان‌اند و با در پیش‌ گرفتن راهبردهای معنوی یا فردی با این گذار سازگار می‌‌شوند و رضایت ناشی از شفقت را تجربه می‌کنند. نتایج پژوهش می‌توانند در تهیۀ پروتکل‌‌های مداخله‌‌ای برای تسهیل فرایند سازگاری با تغییرات عمیق در روال زندگی مادران مراقب و توانمندسازی آنها برای گذاری موفق کمک کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24050_d04fb1d13b29bb462e94cb1bbc7ec40b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Investigating the Relationship between Sociological Factors and Environmental Behavior of Citizens of Shiraz بررسی رابطۀ بین عوامل جامعه‌شناختی و رفتار زیست‌محیطی شهروندان شهر شیراز 35 58 24244 10.22108/jas.2019.114197.1567 FA فرناز دسترس کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران بیژن خواجه نوری دانشیار بخش جامعه‌شناسی، دانشگاه شیراز، ایران Journal Article 2018 11 26 Introduction The environmental crisis seems to be one of the major challenges that mankind faces in the current century. The term environmental behavior comes from contemporary conditions in which social studies investigate the environmental behavior. Explaining the environmental behaviors of individuals is one of the important issues in environmental sociology. Environmental behavior is a behavior that a person encounters in the environment. Individuals of each society, in terms of their particular social- cultural context and their personality, have different approaches toward the environment. These behaviors may be quite positive, pro-environmental or vice versa, totally negative, and contrary to the environment. In the last two decades of the twentieth century, human activities and environmental damages have become very important. The world which faces more than six billion people in the future should be sensitive to this issue. Recently, environmental issues have social meaning and also have cultural-social roots. Shiraz city, as one of the cities that has involved in numerous environmental crises, such as the water crisis, the crisis of the destruction of historical gardens, the massive production of garbage and all kinds of other crises, should be given special attention.This study aims to examine the sociological factors contributing to the environmental behavior among Shiraz citizens. Material & Methods This research was conducted in 2017 through a survey method. The study population includes all people over 15 years old in 11 zones of Shiraz. According to the latest statistics, the population of Shiraz is 1,565,572, and based on the Cochran formula, the total sample size is 384 people. By using the map of Shiraz according to the latest changes by the Shiraz municipality, along with the number of households, questionnaires in each zone were provided and distributed. In the next step, the building blocks were randomly selected in each zone. From each block, households and from each household, one person was studied. Statistical samples were obtained using multi-stage cluster sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The number of questionnaires distributed in zones 1 to 11 are: 42 in zone 1, 45 in zone 2, 51 in zone 3, 67 in zone 4, 37 in zone 5, 33 in the zone 6, 47 in zone 7, 9 in zone 8, 35 in zone 9, 35 in zone 10 and 26 in zone 11, respectively. Research hypotheses were analyzed using SPSS software. Kollmuss and Agyeman’s (2002) Environmental Behavior Model has been used in this study as the theoretical framework. To sum up, according to the multi-stage cluster sampling method and based on Cochran formula, questionnaires were distributed among 384 cases in 11 zones of Shiraz. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In this research, it was tried to identify the environmental behavior of citizens of Shiraz from a sociological point of view. Considering that Shiraz city is one of the most important metropolises involved in environmental hazards, no organized research has been conducted to investigate this phenomenon in Shiraz. The city of Shiraz, as one of the major metropolises of the country suffers from multiple environmental crises. Thus, the results of this study can be used by other researchers. According to the results, 60.8% of people reported moderate level of environmental behavior, while 20.3% and 1.6% reported low and high levels of environmental behavior, respectively. Correlation test showed that the sociological factors including age, environmental awareness, environmental knowledge, emotional involvement, environmental attitude, locus of control, values, responsibilities and priorities, and motivation on one hand and contextual variables such as gender, employment status, and income on the other hand had significant relationships with environmental behavior. The results of multivariate regression equation test showed that environmental awareness, emotional involvement, gender, age, income, and locus of control were able to explain 41.7% of environmental behavior. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی رابطۀ بین عوامل جامعه‌شناختی و رفتار زیست‌محیطی شهروندان شهر شیراز است و در آن از الگوی رفتار زیست‌محیطی کالموس و اجی‌من (2002) به‌منزلۀ چارچوب نظری استفاده شده ‌است. روش پژوهش، پیمایش و جمعیت آماری شامل همۀ افراد بالای 15 سال در 11 منطقۀ شهر شیراز است که براساس فرمول کوکران حجم کل نمونه 384 نفر محاسبه شده ‌است. نمونه‌های آماری با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی خوشه‌ای به دست آمده‌‌اند و ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسش‌نامه بوده است. طبق نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، 8/60 درصد از افراد نمونه رفتار زیست‌محیطی متوسط، 3/20 درصد پایین و 1/6 درصد بالا داشته‌اند. در سطح روابط دومتغیره، یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند بین عوامل جامعه‌شناختی سن، آگاهی زیست‌محیطی، دانش زیست‌محیطی، پیوند عاطفی با محیط ‌زیست، نگرش زیست‌محیطی، مرکز کنترل، ارزش زیست‌محیطی، اولویت، مسئولیت و انگیزه و بین عوامل زمینه‌ای شامل جنسیت، وضعیت اشتغال و میزان درآمد با رفتار زیست‌محیطی رابطۀ معناداری وجود دارد. نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چندمتغیره نشان می‌دهند متغیرهای مستقل آگاهی زیست‌محیطی، پیوند عاطفی با محیط ‌زیست، جنسیت، سن، درآمد و مرکز کنترل، 7/41 درصد متغیر وابستۀ رفتار زیست‌محیطی را تبیین می‌کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24244_52895cd612da5d6a3a437251f16b29b2.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Multilevel Analysis of Factors Influencing the Achievement of 4th Grade Students in Mathematics with Emphasis on Mothers' Employment تحلیل چندسطحی عوامل مؤثر بر پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان پایۀ چهارم در درس ریاضیات با تأکید بر اشتغال مادران 59 76 24049 10.22108/jas.2019.112307.1450 FA مهری شمس قهفرخی استادیار/گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه اصفهان،ایران Journal Article 2018 08 04 Introduction Accepting the reality of women's employment as a social phenomenon is evident, as, with many other social phenomena, this phenomenon has many positive and negative consequences. One of the implications of maternity employment is its impact on the educational achievement of children. In this study, this issue has also been addressed. The change in the role of women in the society leads to changes in the family organization, in this way, it is necessary to explain and predict the positive and negative consequences of family change and, if necessary, provide appropriate strategies. This issue is also important because, after recognizing the factors affecting the educational achievement of children, relying on the impact of mothers' employment, managers and planners lead to appropriate decisions and policies. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors influencing the 4th-grade students' mathematics achievement such as father's education, mother's education, gender, educational resources at home and at school, with emphasis on mothers' employment. Hence, in view of the objectives of this study, the key questions are whether the fourth-grade children with working mothers have more achievement than their counterparts with non-working mothers? Is the success of students in mathematics influenced by parenting education, gender, and educational resources at home? What are the most important determinants of the educational achievement of the children who are studying at 4th-grade in mathematics? What is the effect of schools (school location in terms of urban and rural) on the development of the 4th -grade children in mathematics? Material & Methods The research method in this study is quantitative and is based on secondary data. To achieve the study objectives, the multilevel method and the HLM software have been used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this study is all Iranian students studying 4th-grade in the year 2015. The sample of (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) TIMSS 2015 in Iran consists of 3823 students (1863 girls and 1960 boys) and 248 schools. The statistical sample at 2015 is selected by using a two-stage cluster sampling method among schools in each country in the year 2015, which has two preliminary and final stages, simultaneously and seamlessly. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The findings of this study on the educational achievement of the students showed that at the level of the student, the mothers' employment, gender, and access to educational resources at home, are not significant but parents’ education is a positive and significant variable. It has also been shown that students' mathematical scores vary from one school to another; in another words, the students at schools in urban areas are better in mathematics scores than those studying in rural schools. In general, variables in the first level (students) explain more variance than the second level variables (schools). According to the results of this study, as well as the results of most of the literature in this regard, which indicate that the quality of time that parents spend on caring for their children is more important than the quantity of time spent with them. Although parents, especially mothers, may have less time with their children or child due to their working conditions and the length of time they are away from their children, but if parents, especially mothers, address the physical and mental needs of their children, they are not considered as an obstacle to the development of children. Therefore, it seems necessary that planners and policymakers, through the media, educational facilities, and educational assistance, try to inform families and improve the quality of communication between parents and children. Along this vein, school administrators and teachers, through holding meetings with parents, emphasize the need to improve the quality of time that parents spend with their children, and especially those who are students. Also, according to the results of this study, students studying in rural schools will have less educational achievement in math than those studying in urban schools. Planners and policymakers need to pay more attention to rural schools in their planning. Further, considering that today’s children are the fathers and mothers of the future, and considering the results of this study, it is necessary to improve the educational level of the present and future parents, both in urban and rural areas, so that in the future we can see the quantitative and qualitative improvement of future generations. هدف این مطالعه، تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر پیشرفت تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان پایۀ چهارم در درس ریاضیات با تأکید بر اشتغال مادران است؛ عواملی مانند تحصیلات پدر، تحصیلات مادر، جنس و منابع آموزشی در خانه و محل مدرسه. بدین منظور از داده‌‌های تیمز[1] سال 2015 ایران استفاده شده است. ارتباط بین موفقیت در درس ریاضیات و متغیرهای ذکرشده در سطح دانش‌آموز و مدرسه، با الگوی خطی سلسله‌مراتبی دوسطحی و با استفاده از نرم‌‌افزار HLM بررسی شد.یافته‌ها نشان دادند در سطح دانش‌آموز، اشتغال مادران، جنس و دسترسی به منابع آموزشی در خانه، ارتباطی با پیشرفت تحصیلی فرزندان ندارند؛ اما بالابودن تحصیلات پدر و مادر سبب افزایش پیشرفت تحصیلی فرزندان می‌شود. همچنین نشان داده شد نمرات ریاضی دانش‌‌آموزان در مدارس مختلف تفاوت دارد و دانش‌‌آموزان تحصیل‌کننده در مدارس شهری نسبت به دانش‌‌آموزان تحصیل‌کننده در مدارس روستایی نمرۀ بیشتری در درس ریاضیات کسب کرده‌اند. در کل، متغیرهای سطح اول (دانش‌آموز) تغییرپذیری بیشتری را نسبت به متغیر سطح دوم (مدارس) تبیین می‌‌کند. [1] مطالعۀ بین‌المللی روند آموزش ریاضیات و علوم

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24049_80068c9ddb84df37f3c82390fe1c1120.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Analyzing the Role of Interpersonal Trust in Economic Transactions تحلیل نقش اعتماد بین‌فردی در مبادلات اقتصادی 77 96 24250 10.22108/jas.2019.113827.1537 FA مسعود زارع مهرجردی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران حسین میرزائی استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران غلام رضا حسنی در میان استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران Journal Article 2018 11 15 Introduction This research studies the impact of economic behaviors on trust (and distrust) as a socio-cultural indicator of the behavior of the participants of an economic partnership. It also tries to analyze the role of the time variable in changing interpersonal trust. There are series of conventions, rules, and habits within a society that shape economic transactions and facilitate the maintenance of trust. These series are vital for the boom of commodity exchanges or the emergence of co-operatives. The relation between social context and economic transactions is multi-layered and multifaceted and is a key factor in explaining the economic dynamics of a region or country. Also, economics consider the contract as the business commitment of individuals and organizations to each other; however, without internal and external control restrictions, commercial contracts do not have full operational guarantees. Hence, theorists believe that strong trust is one of the best alternatives to costly contracts. Trust can also be known as a backup and even a strong alternative to the law, and also as a contract monitoring tool. Trust is influenced by various variables, including the time factor. Scientists believe that trust changes in frequent interactions over time and place. The main question of this research is how interpersonal economic behaviors ultimately lead to the breakdown of business and economic treaties. Also, how do the unregistered relationships, especially interpersonal trust, distrust, and interest-seeking, manifest themselves in the behavior of businessmen? And what is the role of time in trust changes? In this research, the trust had been separated on 3 levels based on Lewicki and Bunker’s approach. First, Calculus-based trust (CBT) that operates on cost-benefit dichotomy. As long as the cost of cutting off economic activities is more than short-term benefits, the contract may be ongoing. Second, knowledge-based trust (KBT) is based on the ability to understand others to predict their behavior. Even if prediction conditions are not available at times, repetitive interactions and multiple relationships will increase the perception of individuals from the other side. Third, identification-based trust (IBT) that is based on increasing the identification of the other side. Accordingly, individuals are inclined to recognize the desires, intentions, and values of each other because they know that they have common interests and it is very important in maintaining interaction and communication to identify whether the interests of individuals are protected by the other side. In addition to the levels laid out in the Lewicki and Bunker’s theory, affection-based trust (ABT) was also presented by McAllister which was historically ignored by researchers. McAllister claims anger as an example and believes that, as a rule, anger is one of the main emotional experiences arises in the process of breaking trust. Therefore, in all interactions, including economic interactions, emotional connections are found in interpersonal relationships. Material & Methods Documentary as a qualitative method was used in this research. Also, 113 samples were selected by purposive sampling out of 200 available lawsuits. Finally, using qualitative content analysis, the obtained data were analyzed and interpreted by the authors. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The findings show that trust is a dynamic indicator and changes in nature over the time. The longer time passes, the more trusting relationships will increase in interpersonal economic relationships. Also, according to the results, we found that the higher initial trust boosts the likelihood of long-term economic relationship sustainability. Accordingly, the necessary condition for the formation of ABT is the existence of a prime positive level of trust as well as a minimum of the time index of trust in the same way. In the absence of any of these elements, the economic relationship between the ABT levels will not be formed. At the same time, at the level of confidence in CBT, the necessary condition is the intention of the participants to establish an economic relationship. On the other hand, in KBT, at least the time of trust without initial distrust is a necessary condition for the formation of an interpersonal economic relationship. در این پژوهش، اعتماد به‌منزلۀ یکی از مهم‌‎ترین ارکان پیوستگی و گسست قراردادهای تجاری با تکیه بر پرونده‌های دعاوی حقوقی - اقتصادی بررسی شده است. در ظاهر به نظر می‌رسد دو مفهوم اعتماد و مبادلات اقتصادی از یکدیگر مستقل‌اند؛ اما درنهایت، نقش بسزایی در بازتولید یکدیگر در سطوح مختلف دارد. در این پژوهش، ابتدا مفهوم اعتماد در سطوح مختلف تعریف شده است، سپس مفهوم‌های اعتماد و بی‌اعتمادی با عنوان عوامل اجتماعی - فرهنگی دخیل در تداوم یا شکست قراردادهای تجاری، با استفاده از الگوی لویسکی و بانکر (1995) به‌همراه نظریۀ مک‌الیستر (1995) تبیین شده‎اند؛ درنهایت، با بررسی پرونده‌های حقوقی - اقتصادی و با استفاده از روش اسنادی، نقش اعتماد در تداوم یا شکست شراکت‌های تجاری در سطح بین‌فردی تحلیل و تفسیر شده است.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24250_9e11bc7f7e54f2c4525f0e6996100e8b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Designing a Model for Maintaining Elite Gene with an Emphasis on Graduates of Higher Education and Ministry of Health طراحی مدل نگهداشت ژن نخبگی با تأکید بر دانش‌آموختگان آموزش عالی و وزارت بهداشت 97 112 24014 10.22108/jas.2019.112981.1484 FA رضا زندی دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت دولتی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران یونس وکیل الرعایا استادیار، مرکز تحقیقات کارآفرینی، ایده‌پردازی و تجاری‌سازی، واحد سمنان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، سمنان، ایران محسن فرهادی نژاد استادیار، گروه مدیریت صنعتی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت، و علوم اداری، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران Journal Article 2018 12 21 Introduction Elite migration can be defined as a kind of phenomenon or social issue that has both positive and negative effects and, under specific conditions, it results in desirable advancement of the developing countries. Considering negative effects, elite migration causes the country to face problems in terms of science, research, economics, politics and sociology, and the development cycle will be interrupted. On the other hand, taking the desirable results into consideration, the short-term migration of elites to developed countries make them scientifically richer and once they return to the country, they can effectively contribute to the development of the economic cycle and motivate the human resources inside their country. Therefore, the overall purpose of this research is to design an elite gene retention model emphasizing graduates of higher education and Ministry of Health. Material & Methods In the present study, in order to design and examine the developmental model, mixed sequential exploratory method has been used. Regarding the qualitative section, the primary framework of qualitative pattern of retaining the elite gene was measured using scientific texts and interviewing experts through alignment method. Qualitative research method is a case study which was designed by using thematic analysis and the network of contents including three levels of basic, organizing, and inclusive themes. In the next step, by collecting quantitative data, the model was evaluated by the descriptive-survey method. For the starters, 35 intellectually-qualified professors (associate professors and above, having the experience of living and studying in foreign countries for more than 3 years, graduated from one of the top 500 universities in the world, and teaching at the top universities in Iran) were selected as the potential participants using judicial-purposeful sampling. Subsequently, in the quantitative section, 163 elite professors possessing highly special conditions were picked using Morgan table. The research tool in the qualitative section was semi-structured interviews of the library study and in the quantitative section, a questionnaire was used. In the quantitative section, a questionnaire consisting of 97 questions, which were obtained from the results of the qualitative section, was designed and distributed among the elite professors. It was examined using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis method and Smart PLS2 software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The data obtained from content analysis method and the formation of themes network suggest that the framework of the qualitative model of elite gene retention includes five aspects of attraction factors, repulsion factors, individual factors, intervention factors, and retention factors. Regarding attraction, factors such as social welfare, job security, income, job independence, proper job opportunities and economic prosperity in the West were recognized as the most important factors. The prominent factors on repulsion were extreme administrative bureaucracy, severe inflation, improper lifestyle, injustice, and inefficient working culture. Factors on individual aspect include human security, dissatisfaction with the social system, and individual stagnation. Distance (physical and mental), unpleasant news, visa and accommodation facilities are of intervening factors. Finally, retention aspects were recognized as organizational downsizing, revision in payments, implementation of meritocracy and dissatisfaction with Western culture. Using the Fuzzy Delphi method, the experts reached agreement in three stages. During three stages of opinion poll since 2018, five questions regarding spreading smuggling, lack of research, lack of progress in manufacturing and industry, providing commuting opportunities, and reducing human resources were selected from the list. Moreover, out of 29 factors, 24 were finally approved and five factors on freedom constraints, job mobility, lack of proper nutrition, dissatisfaction with the West, and localizing the educational system were taken off the model. Conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis method, R2 values indicate that a high portion of variance in elite gene retention factors are under the influence of attraction, repulsion, individual, intervention, and retention factors. The values obtained for each of the factors are as follows: attraction factors (0.92), repulsion factors (0.827), individual factors (0.748), intervention factors (0.753), and retention factors (0.899). In the present study, in addition to the aforementioned factors of attraction, repulsion, individuals, and intervention, we tried to identify the important factors in retaining elite in the country as well. Therefore, using experts' opinions and field studies, retention factors were picked. In previous studies, suggestions have been proposed to prevent the elite migration, but in none of these studies, retention factors have been mentioned as an important item along with the rest. Meritocracy, organizational downsizing, scientific and research facilities, credit management and job security were among the most important factors in retaining elite. با خروج نخبگان و بازنگشتن آنها به کشور، ژن‌های نخبگی هم به کشورهای نخبه‌پذیر منتقل و سبب تضعیف جریان توسعه‌یافتگی در کشور می‌شوند. هدف کلی این پژوهش طراحی الگوی نگهداشت ژن ‌نخبگی در کشور با تأکید بر وزارت‌های علوم و بهداشت است. روش به‌کار‌رفته، ترکیبی از نوع اکتشافی متوالی است. 25 نفر از استادان نخبۀ وزارت‌های علوم و بهداشت در بخش مصاحبه شرکت داشتند که با روش نمونه‌گیری قضاوتی - هدفمند انتخاب شدند. در بخش کمی، نمونه شامل 163 نفر از استادان با شرایط خاص بود که به روش تصادفی انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌های کیفی پژوهش، مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختارمند بود. در بخش کمی از روش دلفی فازی برای اجماع نظرهای خبرگان و از روش مدل معادلات ساختاری برای تعیین بار عاملی بین متغیرهای آشکار و پنهان و روایی و پایایی استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش بیان‌کنندۀ وجود 553 مضمون پایه و 5 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده (عوامل: جاذبه، دافعه، مداخله‎‌گر، فردی و نگهدارنده) در حوزۀ نگهداشت ژن نخبگی بودند. در روش دلفی فازی پس از سه ‌راند که خبرگان به اجماع رسیدند، از 96 سؤال پرسش‌نامه 5 سؤال حذف شد و براساس مدل معادلات ساختاری مشخص شد عوامل جاذبه، دافعه، فردی، مداخله‌گر و نگهدارنده، درصد واریانس بالایی از عوامل نگهداشت ژن ‌نخبگی را تبیین می‌کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24014_e47eb4f4a242e9d6639400d1a9c9ba28.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 The Effect of Organizational Virtuousness on Organization Spontaneity; Testing the Mediating Role of Organizational Identity (Case Study: Staffs of Lorestan University) تأثیر فضیلت سازمانی بر خودانگیختگی سازمانی؛ آزمون نقش میانجی هویت سازمانی مطالعۀ موردی: کارکنان دانشگاه لرستان 113 126 24262 10.22108/jas.2019.112966.1482 FA حجت اله وحدتی گروه اموزشی مدیریت- دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اداری- دانشگاه لرستان- خرم اباد- ایران هدی پورزارع دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت رفتار سازمانی، دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اداری-دانشگاه لرستان- خرم اباد- ایران مژگان باقری کارشناس ارشد مدیریت تحول - شهید چمران اهواز- ایران Journal Article 2018 10 20 Introduction Although the modern business world is rapidly expanding from many competitive aspects, it unfortunately pays little attention to issues such as organizational virtuousness (Moshabaki Esfahani & Rezaei, 2014: 22). Organizational virtuousness and organizational spontaneity as a moral and transcendental aspect of the organization have been somewhat understated. In this research, we try to introduce these two aspects of the organization. One of the higher aspects in an organization that is not related to spontaneity is organizational virtue (Rego, Ribeiro & Cunha, 2010, p. 216). It has been considered recently due to its effective role in organizations and especially its impact on employee performance (Cameron, Bright, & Caza, 2004, p. 780). In an organization which is perceived as virtuous, employees believe that their organization has attractive values and beliefs that may incorporate their organizational membership into their social identity. These social identity processes can play an important role in explaining the relationship between perceived organizational virtuousness (POV) and employee outcomes – if one considers their association with employee outcomes (Blader & Tyler, 2009; Cole & Bruch, 2006; Restubog et al., 2008; Riketta, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and indirect effects of POV on organizational spontaneity. The assumed indirect effect is investigated through the social identity perspective. As such, organizational identification, pride and respect are examined as mediators of the POV-spontaneity relationship. The following is a summary of the variables: organizational spontaneity is a construct capturing extra role and active positive employee behaviors, and is different from that of organizational citizenship behavior which does not exclude role-prescribed and passive employee behaviors as organizational spontaneity does (George & Brief, 1992). Social identity is a multidimensional concept incorporating a cognitive component; that is, identification and two evaluative components, which according to Tyler and Blader (2003) are pride and respect. Pride reflects employees’ evaluation of the status of their group (e.g. organization), and respect refers to employees’ evaluation of their own status within their group (e.g. organization) (Blader & Tyler, 2009). Organizational virtuousness “is intimately tied to what is good to and for human beings” (Cameron, 2003, p. 50). Virtuousness has inherent values and is not subservient to the desire to gain profits (Cameron & Winn, 2012). Organizational virtuousness refers to a constellation of virtues in the aggregate, as organizations, similar to individuals, display more than one virtue (Cameron & Winn, 2012). Material & Methods The current research is an applied one by means of purpose, and descriptive and correlational in terms of data gathering method. The research population consists of the staffs of Lorestan University. Using Cochran formula, a sample of 220 individuals was selected and participants were selected by stratified random sampling. The sampling method is random. Gathering the data was conducted by literature review and field study. To attain model fit and test of the hypotheses, structural equation modeling method and the third version of smart PLS were applied. Discussion of Results & Conclusions To measure reliability, composed reliability and Chronbach's alpha were exploited which both were appropriate. To designate validity, the average variance was used and implied that the current research verifies the model goodness of fit. The quotients of R2 and Q2 criteria were used to examine the structural model fit. The amount of R2 and Q2 for the constructs of respect, pride, social identity and organizational spontaneity are, respectively, 0.288, 0.462, 0.657, 0.663 and 0.345, 0.281, 0.289, 0.292. Considering fitness of measurement and structural components of the model, the overall model fit was extracted by index of GOF=0.40 that is the strong fitness of the research model. Once the T amounts are in the range of more than 1.96, the related parameters are significant and the hypotheses are verified (Tenenhaus, & Amato, 2010). The study accumulates further evidence that treating employees with care and respect can bring benefits to organizations. Perceiving organizational virtuousness makes employees identify their organization and view organizational successes as their own. Thus, they become more willing to benefit the organization. Employees should feel that the organization creates an environment of organizational virtuousness. When employees perceive that their managers consistently work to promote social betterment and have positive human impact, they are more likely to identify the organization and be more willing to support it. Organizations should incorporate specific goals to facilitate and promote virtuous acts in organizations. Managers and employees who consistently promote integrity, compassion, and/or forgiveness should be rewarded, and virtuous acts should be communicated هدف این مقاله، بررسی اثر مستقیم و غیرمستقیم فضیلت سازمانی ادراک‌شده بر خودانگیختگی سازمانی است. بدین منظور اثر غیرمستقیم فرض‌شده از دیدگاه هویت اجتماعی (شناسایی سازمانی، افتخار و احترام)، شناسایی سازمانی و افتخار و احترام به‌منزلۀ واسطه‌‌های رابطۀ فضیلت سازمانی و خودانگیختگی بررسی می‌شوند. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف، کاربردی، و با توجه به روش گردآوری داده‌ها، توصیفی ـ پیمایشی است. جامعۀ آماری را کارکنان دانشگاه لرستان تشکیل داده‌اند. نمونۀ آماری پژوهش بر مبنای فرمول کوکران 220 نفر تعیین شد و شرکت‌کنندگان با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار پژوهش، پرسش‌نامۀ‌ استاندارد بود که روایی آن با روایی صوری و پایایی آن با آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. برای تجزیه‌ و تحلیل داده‌های گردآوری‌شده از روش مدل‌‌یابی معادلات ساختاری و نرم‌افزارهای SPSS.23 و Smart PLS.3 استفاده شد. این پژوهش نشان می‌‌دهد ارتباط مثبت بین فضیلت سازمانی و خودانگیختگی سازمانی وجود دارد. نتایج حاصل از مطالعات میدانی نشان می‌دهند افتخار به‌طور سریال و متوالی، رابطۀ بررسی‌شده (رابطۀ بین فضیلت سازمانی و خودانگیختگی) را ازطریق شناسایی سازمانی میانجی‌‌گری می‌کند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24262_d447f2666dc1212cbc53f36eb37217f6.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 The Relationship between the Degree of Environmental Ethics and Social Capital with the Environmental Culture (Case Study: Kerman City) رابطۀ بین میزان اخلاق محیط زیستی و سرمایۀ اجتماعی با فرهنگ محیط زیستی مورد مطالعه: شهر کرمان 127 150 24297 10.22108/jas.2019.116579.1675 FA جمیله اسفندیارپور  دانشجوی دکتری جامعه شناسی واحد دهاقان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دهاقان، ایران علی مرادی دانشیار گروه جامعه شناسی، واحد اسلام آبادغرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسلام آبادغرب، ایران اسماعیل جهانبخش استادیار گروه جامعه شاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی دهاقان، ایران Journal Article 2019 04 27 Introduction In the recent decades, lack of consideration for the environmental effects of various industrial activities, services, and production is the most important factor threatening the human and natural environment in Kerman, Iran. Other environmental issues of this society are reports by official bodies of Kerman on water shortages in Qantas caused by excessive extraction of ground waters, destruction of natural fields, deterioration of rivers into sewers caused by irresponsible behavior, closing down a number of factories, industrial and mining sites by the Department of Environment for failure to meet the standards, hunting of the local wildlife, rangeland and forest fires, excessive use of private and outdated automobiles and their environmental effects, excessive water consumption, excessive use of water, natural gas, and electricity during peak hours, and so on. Numerous issues in combination with the absence of systematic data in this regard aggregates the need for research in this area. Therefore, considering the environmental crisis and frequent droughts as well as new phenomena, including dust storms, it is essential to discuss the transformation of environmental culture in the city of Kerman. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to define the relationship between the environmental ethics and social capital and the environmental culture of the citizens of Kerman in the past decade as well as the present time. Also, the study attempts to determine the predictor variables of the environmental culture for the three various aspects of awareness, attitude, and behavior and for the environmental culture as a whole. Material & Methods This study was carried out using the quantitative approach and survey research method. A questionnaire was employed as the data collection method for the study. The statistical population consists of people aged 16 years and over residing in the four districts of Kerman, which comprise a population of 634132 individuals according to the 2016 statistics. In this paper, three different age groups were considered: 16-29, 30-49, and 50 and over. The reason for the selection of this age groups was to account for their behavior in the past 10 years, therefore the age requirements had to be defined in a way that the individual’s current age allows for the recollection of their behavior with respect to the environment. It is important to note that the questionnaire was defined for two time intervals, in a way that the respondents were required to explain their environmental behavior in the past ten years in items for present day. In this research, the Cochran formula was used to determine the sample size. The sample size is 384 persons as calculated by the Cochran formula. The research employed random cluster sampling by distributing 400 questionnaires between the respondents, and 374 of the questionnaires were recollected and used for statistical analysis. To describe and analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics with the SPSS software were used. In this study, the environmental culture was measured in three aspects of environmental knowledge with 5 parameters (recycling with 5 items, efficient use of water with 5 items, air pollution with 5 items, environmental species with 7 items, and dust storms with 5 items), environmental attitude with 25 items in five paradigms (limitation of growth with 5 items, non-anthropocentrism with 5 items, negation of human exemptionalism with 5 items, and dust storms with 3 items), and the environmental behavior with 4 paradigms (efficient energy use with 5 items, efficient use of water with 5 items, air pollution with 6 items, environment-friendly recycling with 5 items, and local ecosystem with 3 items). Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results show that there is a significant relationship between the environmental ethics and environmental culture. It can be inferred that the interest in the environment is a metaphysical value and pro-environment attitudes are present among the prosperous groups, as their needs for food and security are fulfilled. In this respect, the behaviors can be measured as right or wrong based on this principle: an action is right if it preserves and promotes the biotic beauty, integrity, and evolution and is wrong if it disrupts this condition. Also, there is a significant relationship between social capital and environmental culture. It can be argued that the social capital as an important source of the individuals’ social actions can affect their environmental behaviors. Undoubtedly, as the level of social collaboration, integrity, trust, and participation, as important paradigms of social capital, grow between the people of a society, it is reflected in the society’s civil behaviors and environmental culture and increases the sense of responsibility of the people. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that there is no significant difference between the mean awareness and environmental behavior of the three different age groups. However, the mean of environmental attitude is different for each age group. It can be inferred that the attitudes of different age groups with respect to environmental changes are not equal and the people aged 50 and over show a higher mean. It means that this age group have a more pro-environment attitude compared to the other age groups. Also, the results show that the mean of environmental culture for individuals with high socio-economic status is higher compared to the individuals of lower socio-economic status (employment, income, education, and housing status). As a result, it can be inferred that those who have a higher socio-economic status have moved beyond the basic needs and reached the levels of elevated social needs. Therefore, the sense of environmentalism for these people is higher compared to the groups with a fragile socio-economic status who focus more on the basic needs of life. Also, people with higher socio-economic status are more aware of their environmental responsibilities; therefore, project an improved attitude and a more responsible behavior towards the environment, resulting in an elevated environmental culture. هدف اصلی این مقاله، بررسی رابطۀ بین میزان اخلاق محیط زیستی و سرمایۀ اجتماعی با فرهنگ محیط زیستی با تأکید بر شهر کرمان برای دو مقطع زمانی ده سال پیش و در حال حاضر است که با روش پیمایشی و استفاده از ابزار پرسش‌نامه انجام شده است. جامعۀ آماری شامل افراد بالای ۱۶سال ساکن در مناطق چهارگانۀ شهر کرمان است که براساس آمار سال 1395 معادل ۶۳۴۱۳۲ نفرند. از این جمعیت تعداد 384 نفر براساس فرمول نمونه‌گیری کوکران انتخاب شدند و پس از گردآوری داده‌ها 374 پرسش‌نامه مبنای تحلیل‌های آماری قرار گرفت. تحلیل‌های آماری با استفاده از دو نرم‌افزار SPSS و AMOS انجام شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهند رابطۀ بین اخلاق محیط زیستی با میزان فرهنگ محیط زیستی در ده سال پیش (71/0=r) و در زمان حاضر برابر (33/0=r)، فرهنگ محیط زیستی با میزان سرمایۀ اجتماعی در زمان حاضر (41/0=r) و در ده سال پیش (35/0=r)، معنادار است. نتایج حاصل از آزمون تحلیل واریانس نشان می‌دهند میانگین فرهنگ محیط زیستی برای سه گروه سنی مطرح‌شده با هم تفاوت معنادار دارد. همچنین میانگین فرهنگ محیط زیستی برای طبقات اجتماعی مختلف با هم تفاوت دارد. نتایج حاصل از رگرسیون چندگانه نشان می‌دهند دو متغیر سرمایۀ اجتماعی و اخلاق محیط زیستی 50 درصد از تغییرات درونی متغیر وابسته یعنی فرهنگ محیط زیستی در شهر کرمان را تبیین می‌کنند. نتایج حاصل از مدل معادلۀ ساختاری (AMOS) نشان می‌دهند تأثیر متغیرهای سرمایۀ اجتماعی، اخلاق محیط زیستی و متغیر پایگاه اقتصادی - اجتماعی بر متغیر وابسته معنادار است.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24297_8f153495d886cd1e3a7e54afb838c25a.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 30 4 2019 12 22 Factors Affecting Ethical Attitude toward Business (Case study: Female Students of Shahid Beheshti University) عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش اخلاقی به کسب‌ و کار مورد مطالعه: دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه شهید بهشتی 151 175 24572 10.22108/jas.2019.111409.1407 FA سیدامیرحسین طیبی ابوالحسنی دانشجوی دکتری، مدیریت بازرگانی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی تهران، ایران محمد خدابخشی استادیار، گروه مدیریت کسب‌وکار، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، ایران زهرا عزیزیان کلخوران کارشناس ارشد، مدیریت اجرایی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، ایران Journal Article 2018 06 11 Introduction Nowadays, compilation of ethical standards for different professions is an inevitable necessity throughout the world, and it is entirely accepted that, without these standards, there is no hope for proper functioning of professional and occupation rules in various disciplines and professions. Such a need has been felt over the years and has become one of the major concerns in the world's academic and commercial fields, and even international institutions. Therefore some of the major universities in the world began to offer some courses in the field of business ethics and some major companies have also proceeded in compilation of codes of conduct, in order to carry out their business activities within the frameworks of these codes of conduct, and international institutions have prepared alliances to integrate business companies into these frameworks. In Iran, some studies have been conducted on various aspects of business ethics in recent years. But there is no comprehensive research on ethical attitudes of female students who can be future businesses managers or authorities. The present research will undoubtedly create an important contribution to the understanding and recognition of attitudes of future Iranian business managers. This recognition can be used to make appropriate policies in education and decision-making. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting students' ethical attitudes toward business using subject literatures and also field study. Material & Methods The method of this study is descriptive-survey, and in terms of purpose, it is an applied-development research. The statistical population of this study is 210 female students living in the dormitory of Shahid Beheshti University and random sampling was used to select 134 people according to Morgan table. The main tool for collecting information is the questionnaire. In this research, to test the hypotheses and models of structural equations based on variance using partial least squares method, SPSS and PLS software are used. The formal and logical validity of the questionnaire's content was also reviewed by experts including 5 specialist professors in this regard. After studying the measurement tool of the research, the general approach to the model and the examination of the hypotheses are discussed. After reviewing the literature and research background of the study, in order to investigate factors affecting the ethical attitude toward business by the moderating role of age, marriage, education, field of study and work experience, the research hypotheses were formulated in the form of six hypotheses as follows: Ethical factors have a significant effect on the ethical attitude toward business. Age as a moderator variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on ethical attitudes toward business. Marriage as a moderator variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on ethical attitudes toward business. Degree of education as a moderator variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward the business. The field of study as a moderator variable moderates the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward the business. Work experience as a moderator variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward the business. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results of studying six hypotheses showed that four hypotheses were confirmed and two hypotheses were rejected, which are briefly discussed below. In hypothesis 1, this issue was discussed that the ethical factors have a significant effect on the ethical attitude toward the business. Undoubtedly, some individual conditions, regardless of intrapersonal factors, have an effect on ethics. Some parameters such as the growth of greed, discontent, or profiteering, individual selfishness are related to personal ethics. Some other parameters such as lack of awareness of professional ethics, lack of interest and knowledge of the profession, lack of conscience, lack of social responsibility, modeling of inappropriate people are in the field of professional ethics and among all, diminished religiosity and adherence to the principles of business are of these items. Age as a moderator variable does not moderate the effect of ethical factors on ethical attitudes toward business. This outcome may be related to the age of the research sample, which is between the ages of 15 and 40. Marriage as a moderator variable, modifies the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward the business, so that married women tend to have a better ethical attitude toward business than single women. This conclusion shows that married women are likely to have a higher ethical attitude than single women, because they have more positive attitude towards life and accept responsibility for their marriage life. Their marriage makes the effect of ethical factors stronger on ethical attitudes toward business. Education degree as a moderator variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on ethical attitudes toward business. In other words, according to the results, this means that ethical factors are lower in undergraduate students. Postgraduate students who have higher academic level strengthen this relationship. It means that more academic literacy has a more powerful positive moderator effect. In addition, the status of academic majors as a moderating variable, moderates the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward business. According to the results, ethical factors are less common in social science students, and this relationship is weakened by social science students and strengthened by the students of engineering and basic sciences. The warning of this result is that unfortunately, students of social sciences, which have a higher chance of gaining responsibility and management, have a weaker ethical attitude. The results of work experience also indicate that the ethical attitude among different majors is almost the same, and work experience as a moderating variable does not moderate the effect of ethical factors on the ethical attitude toward the business. امروزه تدوین قواعد اخلاقی برای حرفه‌های مختلف به ضرورتی اجتناب‌ناپذیر در سراسر دنیا تبدیل شده است. در این میان، پژوهشگران بسیاری به اخلاق کسب ‌و کار به‌منزلۀ یکی از مهم‌ترین حوزه‌های اخلاق حرفه‌ای توجه کرده‌اند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش اخلاقی به کسب ‌و کار میان نمونۀ خاصی از جامعه (دانشجویان دختر) انجام شده است. روش پژوهش از نوع توصیفی و چگونگی گردآوری داده‌ها از نوع پیمایشی است. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامه استفاده شده و نمونۀ مطالعه‌شده شامل 134 نفر از جامعۀ دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران است. برای تجزیه ‌و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای SPSSو PLSاستفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهند عوامل پایبندی اخلاقی، بر نگرش اخلاقی به کسب و کار مؤثرند. ضمن اینکه از میان 5 متغیر تعدیلگر سن، تأهل، مدرک تحصیلی، رشتۀ تحصیلی و تجربۀ کاری، تنها تأهل، مدرک تحصیلی و رشتۀ تحصیلی، تأثیر عوامل پایبندی اخلاقی بر نگرش اخلاقی به کسب ‌و کار را تعدیل می‌کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_24572_247f649b9071a99cb9f35ab1f5e6462d.pdf