University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 Investigating Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of Young People in Semnan Province with an Emphasis on the Tourism Sector Investigating Factors Affecting the Quality of Life of Young People in Semnan Province with an Emphasis on the Tourism Sector 1 20 29145 10.22108/jas.2025.142873.2561 FA Mohammad Najjarzadeh Associate professor, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Maedeh Afradi Master of Tourism Management Marketing, Faculty of Tourism, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 29 Introduction Given the growing importance of studying quality of life across various domains, along with its implications for government policymaking and the active involvement of youth in societal growth, progress, and self-sufficiency, it is crucial to investigate the factors influencing the quality of life among young people. Over the past few decades, researchers, planners, and governmental bodies have prioritized recognizing, measuring, and enhancing quality of life. Research findings indicate that the quality of life for young people in Iran is suboptimal and requires significant improvement. Consequently, Iranian society must implement comprehensive policies aimed at enhancing the well-being of its youth, addressing their economic, social, and infrastructural needs. As Semnan Province has a substantial youth population, this study focused on examining the factors that affected the quality of life for young people in Semnan with a particular emphasis on the tourism sector. Materials & Methods The components of this research were based on a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative paradigms with a quantitative emphasis. The quantitative phase was classified as descriptive-analytical research regarding data collection methods and was applied in nature concerning its purpose. Data collection utilized a documentary method to define the objectives, research methodology, and literature review, which also helped identify the statistical population. This research was inherently descriptive based on its information-gathering approach. The study comprised two main components: field studies and documentary/library research. Following the identification of the research problem and formulation of objectives, a conceptual model was developed using a descriptive-analytical approach. This involved analyzing and reviewing documents, examining records from both internal and external sources, and conducting internet searches. Research tools and appropriate statistical methods were employed to achieve the research objectives and validate the experimental model. Data were collected through a questionnaire designed on a Likert scale rated from 1 to 5. The statistical population for this study consisted of individuals aged 15 to 29 years in Semnan Province. According to the most recent available data from the 1395 Population and Housing Census, there were 202,336 individuals within this age range in the province. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula and the questionnaire was distributed among the young population of the province. For data analysis and statistical testing, the collected information was processed using SPSS, Excel, and GIS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Following extensive library research, data collection through questionnaires, and analysis using various software and statistical tests, we concluded that economic and cultural factors influenced by environmental conditions were among the most significant determinants affecting the quality of life for young people aged 15-29 years in Semnan Province, as well as their engagement with tourism. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that the quality of life among the youth in Semnan Province varied significantly. Overall, both objective and subjective measures of quality of life revealed that the youth in this region were not experiencing favorable conditions. Moreover, cultural indicators, individual well-being, and housing conditions emerged as critical factors influencing the quality of life for young people in Semnan. Our findings suggested a positive and significant relationship between increased tourism and improved quality of life among the youth. Therefore, the growth of tourism contributed to enhancing the quality of life for young people in Semnan Province, ultimately leading to improvements in their overall morale. Introduction Given the growing importance of studying quality of life across various domains, along with its implications for government policymaking and the active involvement of youth in societal growth, progress, and self-sufficiency, it is crucial to investigate the factors influencing the quality of life among young people. Over the past few decades, researchers, planners, and governmental bodies have prioritized recognizing, measuring, and enhancing quality of life. Research findings indicate that the quality of life for young people in Iran is suboptimal and requires significant improvement. Consequently, Iranian society must implement comprehensive policies aimed at enhancing the well-being of its youth, addressing their economic, social, and infrastructural needs. As Semnan Province has a substantial youth population, this study focused on examining the factors that affected the quality of life for young people in Semnan with a particular emphasis on the tourism sector. Materials & Methods The components of this research were based on a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative paradigms with a quantitative emphasis. The quantitative phase was classified as descriptive-analytical research regarding data collection methods and was applied in nature concerning its purpose. Data collection utilized a documentary method to define the objectives, research methodology, and literature review, which also helped identify the statistical population. This research was inherently descriptive based on its information-gathering approach. The study comprised two main components: field studies and documentary/library research. Following the identification of the research problem and formulation of objectives, a conceptual model was developed using a descriptive-analytical approach. This involved analyzing and reviewing documents, examining records from both internal and external sources, and conducting internet searches. Research tools and appropriate statistical methods were employed to achieve the research objectives and validate the experimental model. Data were collected through a questionnaire designed on a Likert scale rated from 1 to 5. The statistical population for this study consisted of individuals aged 15 to 29 years in Semnan Province. According to the most recent available data from the 1395 Population and Housing Census, there were 202,336 individuals within this age range in the province. The sample size was calculated using the Cochran formula and the questionnaire was distributed among the young population of the province. For data analysis and statistical testing, the collected information was processed using SPSS, Excel, and GIS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Following extensive library research, data collection through questionnaires, and analysis using various software and statistical tests, we concluded that economic and cultural factors influenced by environmental conditions were among the most significant determinants affecting the quality of life for young people aged 15-29 years in Semnan Province, as well as their engagement with tourism. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that the quality of life among the youth in Semnan Province varied significantly. Overall, both objective and subjective measures of quality of life revealed that the youth in this region were not experiencing favorable conditions. Moreover, cultural indicators, individual well-being, and housing conditions emerged as critical factors influencing the quality of life for young people in Semnan. Our findings suggested a positive and significant relationship between increased tourism and improved quality of life among the youth. Therefore, the growth of tourism contributed to enhancing the quality of life for young people in Semnan Province, ultimately leading to improvements in their overall morale.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29145_35d6407b0d477ead5cf69cb5611ce8fb.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 Exploration of the Motivating and Controlling Contexts of Childbearing in Yazd City Exploration of the Motivating and Controlling Contexts of Childbearing in Yazd City 21 40 29166 10.22108/jas.2025.142957.2563 FA Maliheh Alimondegari Associate professor in Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Associate professor in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Hamideh Shiri Mohammad Abaad Assistant professor, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Zahra Falakodin Ph.D., Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran 0000-0003-1183-2585 Forozandeh Kalantari Master of Public Health (MPH), field of Reproductive Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Care Services, Yazd, Iran 0000-0001-5146-2246 Journal Article 2024 10 04 Introduction Population dynamics and childbearing are among the most pressing social issues in Iran today. Childbearing is a critical factor in population studies and holds significant importance in social and cultural discourse. Fertility is one of the three key elements driving demographic change, which is influenced by various economic, social, and demographic factors that shape couples' decisions about childbearing and women's reproductive behaviors. Throughout history, fertility trends have evolved from traditional to modern societies shaped by numerous influences. As a social phenomenon, fertility occurs within a specific socio-cultural context where culture and institutional frameworks establish the values and norms surrounding it. Iranian society has experienced profound transformations across social, cultural, economic, and demographic dimensions. One notable development is the rapid decline in fertility rates, which has been observed across all provinces, both urban and rural. These demographic shifts, particularly the decline in fertility, have significant implications for the age structure of the population. A decreasing total fertility rate may diminish the economic and social vitality of society by reducing the overall population and increasing the proportion of elderly individuals, thereby posing challenges to the labor force. Iran is one of the few countries, which has undergone a demographic transition in a remarkably short period, with a significant decline in overall fertility rates in recent decades. This study was qualitative in nature and was conducted in Yazd City during 2022-2023. Its objective was to explore and identify the motivational and restrictive factors influencing childbearing decisions among citizens. Materials & Methods To conduct this research and gather participants' insights for theoretical analysis, a data-based theory approach (drawing on Charms' structuralist methodology) was utilized as a qualitative and interpretive framework. The study involved 25 women from Yazd, with whom semi-structured interviews lasting between 80 and 120 minutes were conducted. The collected data were subsequently coded and organized to develop key concepts. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Data analysis revealed that participants expressed a desire to have children; however, their current life circumstances had hindered them from achieving this goal. From the analysis, 6 subcategories emerged: "childbearing as an opportunity to escape challenges", "creating meaning in life", "parental gender preference", "educational concerns", "rapid lifestyle changes among the younger generation", and "viewing children as an economic burden". These subcategories were subsequently grouped into 2 main categories: "significant implications of childbearing" and "obstacles and risk perceptions". The findings indicated that the intention to bear children was influenced by the social context, in which individuals lived, affecting their subjective beliefs. Additionally, this intention faced various challenges and concerns, which diminished the participants' motivation and negatively impacted their aspirations. Addressing the challenges of childbearing requires a multifaceted approach, considering factors, such as unstable economic conditions, social pressures, and cultural frameworks. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers and family planning strategists develop population policies that reflect the demographic realities of Iranian society, analyze the shortcomings of existing family planning programs, and assess their impacts. Such an approach would empower women to make informed decisions regarding their preferences and aspirations for childbearing. Policymakers should leverage the capabilities of media and mass communication to promote population policies that encourage childbearing through compelling messaging, fostering positive perceptions among the public. Furthermore, they must remain steadfast in their commitment to implementing the promised incentives. Policies should also address economic inequalities, emergence of unstable employment conditions, evolving gender roles, increasing economic responsibilities of mothers, and the rising housing costs that many families find unaffordable. Additionally, they should consider the diverse preferences individuals have concerning the timing and number of children they wish to have. Future research should explore the effectiveness of policies aimed at encouraging childbearing and protecting the population, particularly from the perspectives of stakeholders and implementers in Iran. Introduction Population dynamics and childbearing are among the most pressing social issues in Iran today. Childbearing is a critical factor in population studies and holds significant importance in social and cultural discourse. Fertility is one of the three key elements driving demographic change, which is influenced by various economic, social, and demographic factors that shape couples' decisions about childbearing and women's reproductive behaviors. Throughout history, fertility trends have evolved from traditional to modern societies shaped by numerous influences. As a social phenomenon, fertility occurs within a specific socio-cultural context where culture and institutional frameworks establish the values and norms surrounding it. Iranian society has experienced profound transformations across social, cultural, economic, and demographic dimensions. One notable development is the rapid decline in fertility rates, which has been observed across all provinces, both urban and rural. These demographic shifts, particularly the decline in fertility, have significant implications for the age structure of the population. A decreasing total fertility rate may diminish the economic and social vitality of society by reducing the overall population and increasing the proportion of elderly individuals, thereby posing challenges to the labor force. Iran is one of the few countries, which has undergone a demographic transition in a remarkably short period, with a significant decline in overall fertility rates in recent decades. This study was qualitative in nature and was conducted in Yazd City during 2022-2023. Its objective was to explore and identify the motivational and restrictive factors influencing childbearing decisions among citizens. Materials & Methods To conduct this research and gather participants' insights for theoretical analysis, a data-based theory approach (drawing on Charms' structuralist methodology) was utilized as a qualitative and interpretive framework. The study involved 25 women from Yazd, with whom semi-structured interviews lasting between 80 and 120 minutes were conducted. The collected data were subsequently coded and organized to develop key concepts. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Data analysis revealed that participants expressed a desire to have children; however, their current life circumstances had hindered them from achieving this goal. From the analysis, 6 subcategories emerged: "childbearing as an opportunity to escape challenges", "creating meaning in life", "parental gender preference", "educational concerns", "rapid lifestyle changes among the younger generation", and "viewing children as an economic burden". These subcategories were subsequently grouped into 2 main categories: "significant implications of childbearing" and "obstacles and risk perceptions". The findings indicated that the intention to bear children was influenced by the social context, in which individuals lived, affecting their subjective beliefs. Additionally, this intention faced various challenges and concerns, which diminished the participants' motivation and negatively impacted their aspirations. Addressing the challenges of childbearing requires a multifaceted approach, considering factors, such as unstable economic conditions, social pressures, and cultural frameworks. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers and family planning strategists develop population policies that reflect the demographic realities of Iranian society, analyze the shortcomings of existing family planning programs, and assess their impacts. Such an approach would empower women to make informed decisions regarding their preferences and aspirations for childbearing. Policymakers should leverage the capabilities of media and mass communication to promote population policies that encourage childbearing through compelling messaging, fostering positive perceptions among the public. Furthermore, they must remain steadfast in their commitment to implementing the promised incentives. Policies should also address economic inequalities, emergence of unstable employment conditions, evolving gender roles, increasing economic responsibilities of mothers, and the rising housing costs that many families find unaffordable. Additionally, they should consider the diverse preferences individuals have concerning the timing and number of children they wish to have. Future research should explore the effectiveness of policies aimed at encouraging childbearing and protecting the population, particularly from the perspectives of stakeholders and implementers in Iran.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29166_3c69d05f831a53e957dc85e2ffbe3f35.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 Identifying and Validating Indicators of Ritualism in the Iranian Higher Education System: A Mixed-Methods Study Identifying and Validating Indicators of Ritualism in the Iranian Higher Education System: A Mixed-Methods Study 41 70 29198 10.22108/jas.2025.143185.2571 FA Seyed Hedayat Davarpanah Assistant professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Reza Hoveida Associate professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Mostafa Bagherian Far Assistant professor, Department of Educational and Curriculum Innovations, Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5552-7887 Journal Article 2024 10 27 Introduction The higher education system in Iran presents a paradox. Despite the rapid expansion of universities and their pervasive presence in Iranian society, evidence indicates that these institutions struggle to forge a meaningful connection with the community and fail to provide scientific and rational solutions to societal challenges. In other words, while universities in Iran are ubiquitous, they often lack substance (Farastkhah, 2020). It appears that Iranian universities have deviated from their core institutional functions, becoming afflicted by anomie and dysfunction. As Merton (1938) suggests, this results in a form of ritualism. In this context, ritualism can be equated with formalism, encompassing the behaviors, functions, and procedures of university institutions and academic actors. This phenomenon has led the higher education system in Iran away from its primary objectives, inhibiting its ability to fulfill its intended role. Consequently, addressing ritualism as a dysfunction within university performance is crucial. Neglecting its indicators in the core functions of the university—teaching, research, and services—can lead to institutions that lack quality and fail to make a significant impact on society, both formally and functionally. Materials & Methods This research was an applied study that employed a sequential exploratory mixed methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the first phase, qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with experts, as well as the analysis of speeches and interviews from various media involving critics of higher education in Iran. Using purposive-snowball sampling and the criterion of "theoretical saturation", unstructured interviews were conducted with 17 university professors, experts, and faculty members. Each interview lasted between 25 and 75 minutes. Data analysis was performed concurrently with data collection, employing thematic analysis to interpret the findings. Given the variability in methods used in thematic analysis and the diverse perspectives of the experts, multiple titles and classifications for themes emerged. In this study, thematic analysis followed Attride-Stirling's (2001) framework at 3 levels: basic themes (codes and key points in the text), organizing themes (categories formed by combining and summarizing basic themes), and global themes (higher-level themes that capture the overarching principles of the text). To ensure the reliability of the research data, we employed methods such as repeated study, data comparison, and summarization and categorization of information while preserving the integrity of the original data. In the second phase, to enrich the research findings, 12 speeches or interviews from experts and critics of higher education in Iran were purposefully selected and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach similar to that of the initial interviews. In the second phase (quantitative), the findings from the qualitative section were validated. Using G*Power software with an effect size of 0.079, an alpha coefficient of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.80, the estimated sample size was determined to be 270 participants. Sampling in this phase was conducted using a convenience sampling method. A link to the researcher-developed questionnaire derived from the qualitative findings was distributed to faculty members across various public and Azad universities. This process continued until the required sample size for the quantitative phase was achieved. The quantitative questionnaire consisted of 18 items measured on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from "very much" to "very little"), assessing ritualism across 5 areas: education (2 items), research (8 items), evaluation (4 items), higher education development (3 items), and industry relations (1 item). Data analysis for the quantitative phase was performed using Smart-PLS and SPSS 23 software. To establish the validity of the researcher-developed questionnaire, we assessed content, convergent, and discriminant validity. Its reliability was confirmed through 2 indices: Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The qualitative phase of the research identified several indicators of ritualism in Iranian higher education, including: quantitativism, certificationism, symbolism, sanctity of ranking systems, emphasis on publication in ISI journals, a focus on the formal aspects of teaching, a preference for product-oriented approaches over process-oriented ones, and predominance of statistics and methods over the fundamental purposes of research. The quantitative results further demonstrated that the model derived from the qualitative phase exhibited a good fit, with all items associated with ritualism indicators in higher education displaying acceptable factor loadings. Consistent with the qualitative findings, the quantitative data indicated that all indicators of ritualism were assessed at a high and undesirable level. These findings suggested that ritualism and a deviation from institutional functions were prevalent in Iranian universities, particularly in the research domain. While some of this situation could be attributed to the universities themselves, a significant portion stemmed from external conditions, to which these institutions were largely subject. This dysfunction had resulted in the proliferation of institutions that were mere caricatures of innovative universities, rather than genuine centers of learning. To improve the current situation, a thorough review of existing procedures and implementation of appropriate policies and actions are essential. Lastly, it is important to recognize that due to the varying levels of funding, structure, and mission among higher education institutions in Iran (see Ameri, 2015), the findings should be interpreted in relation to the Iranian higher education system at a macro level. Caution is warranted when generalizing these results to specific institutions. Future research should explore and compare the levels of ritualism across different universities and higher education institutions in Iran and other countries. Introduction The higher education system in Iran presents a paradox. Despite the rapid expansion of universities and their pervasive presence in Iranian society, evidence indicates that these institutions struggle to forge a meaningful connection with the community and fail to provide scientific and rational solutions to societal challenges. In other words, while universities in Iran are ubiquitous, they often lack substance (Farastkhah, 2020). It appears that Iranian universities have deviated from their core institutional functions, becoming afflicted by anomie and dysfunction. As Merton (1938) suggests, this results in a form of ritualism. In this context, ritualism can be equated with formalism, encompassing the behaviors, functions, and procedures of university institutions and academic actors. This phenomenon has led the higher education system in Iran away from its primary objectives, inhibiting its ability to fulfill its intended role. Consequently, addressing ritualism as a dysfunction within university performance is crucial. Neglecting its indicators in the core functions of the university—teaching, research, and services—can lead to institutions that lack quality and fail to make a significant impact on society, both formally and functionally. Materials & Methods This research was an applied study that employed a sequential exploratory mixed methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the first phase, qualitative data were collected through unstructured interviews with experts, as well as the analysis of speeches and interviews from various media involving critics of higher education in Iran. Using purposive-snowball sampling and the criterion of "theoretical saturation", unstructured interviews were conducted with 17 university professors, experts, and faculty members. Each interview lasted between 25 and 75 minutes. Data analysis was performed concurrently with data collection, employing thematic analysis to interpret the findings. Given the variability in methods used in thematic analysis and the diverse perspectives of the experts, multiple titles and classifications for themes emerged. In this study, thematic analysis followed Attride-Stirling's (2001) framework at 3 levels: basic themes (codes and key points in the text), organizing themes (categories formed by combining and summarizing basic themes), and global themes (higher-level themes that capture the overarching principles of the text). To ensure the reliability of the research data, we employed methods such as repeated study, data comparison, and summarization and categorization of information while preserving the integrity of the original data. In the second phase, to enrich the research findings, 12 speeches or interviews from experts and critics of higher education in Iran were purposefully selected and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach similar to that of the initial interviews. In the second phase (quantitative), the findings from the qualitative section were validated. Using G*Power software with an effect size of 0.079, an alpha coefficient of 0.05, and a statistical power of 0.80, the estimated sample size was determined to be 270 participants. Sampling in this phase was conducted using a convenience sampling method. A link to the researcher-developed questionnaire derived from the qualitative findings was distributed to faculty members across various public and Azad universities. This process continued until the required sample size for the quantitative phase was achieved. The quantitative questionnaire consisted of 18 items measured on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from "very much" to "very little"), assessing ritualism across 5 areas: education (2 items), research (8 items), evaluation (4 items), higher education development (3 items), and industry relations (1 item). Data analysis for the quantitative phase was performed using Smart-PLS and SPSS 23 software. To establish the validity of the researcher-developed questionnaire, we assessed content, convergent, and discriminant validity. Its reliability was confirmed through 2 indices: Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The qualitative phase of the research identified several indicators of ritualism in Iranian higher education, including: quantitativism, certificationism, symbolism, sanctity of ranking systems, emphasis on publication in ISI journals, a focus on the formal aspects of teaching, a preference for product-oriented approaches over process-oriented ones, and predominance of statistics and methods over the fundamental purposes of research. The quantitative results further demonstrated that the model derived from the qualitative phase exhibited a good fit, with all items associated with ritualism indicators in higher education displaying acceptable factor loadings. Consistent with the qualitative findings, the quantitative data indicated that all indicators of ritualism were assessed at a high and undesirable level. These findings suggested that ritualism and a deviation from institutional functions were prevalent in Iranian universities, particularly in the research domain. While some of this situation could be attributed to the universities themselves, a significant portion stemmed from external conditions, to which these institutions were largely subject. This dysfunction had resulted in the proliferation of institutions that were mere caricatures of innovative universities, rather than genuine centers of learning. To improve the current situation, a thorough review of existing procedures and implementation of appropriate policies and actions are essential. Lastly, it is important to recognize that due to the varying levels of funding, structure, and mission among higher education institutions in Iran (see Ameri, 2015), the findings should be interpreted in relation to the Iranian higher education system at a macro level. Caution is warranted when generalizing these results to specific institutions. Future research should explore and compare the levels of ritualism across different universities and higher education institutions in Iran and other countries.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29198_dce4e08dbf6853646c7fbce0ca23bfbb.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 A Sociological Study of Monetary Attitudes among Citizens of Tehran A Sociological Study of Monetary Attitudes among Citizens of Tehran 71 100 29240 10.22108/jas.2025.139743.2497 FA Nahid Abdoli Ph.D. candidate, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Human Science, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran Asadollah Babaiefard Associate professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran 0000-0002-7021-0594 Journal Article 2024 04 17 Introduction As the physical form of money increasingly gives way to digital representations in electronic societies, its role continues to transform. Money has long served to equalize disparities, evolving into a primarily symbolic entity. Currently, the cultural and social functions of money—understood as a "fait social total"—are undergoing significant changes. Recent sociological research presents money as an enigmatic social phenomenon, prompting scholars to explore the social implications of complex financial systems characterized by the tension between centralized monetary unions and diverse local currencies. In the past few decades, regional and global shifts centered on money—such as global financial crises, establishment of the European Monetary Union, collapse of socialism, rise of credit card payments, advent of electronic money, and emergence of various cryptocurrencies—have rendered the monetary landscape more intricate than ever before. Meanwhile, individuals' attitudes towards money are shaped by their lived experiences from childhood through adulthood influenced by the economic and social contexts they encounter. Thus, money holds significance not merely as a social object, but also because of the diverse meanings individuals attribute to it. In Iran, the pressing social issue revolves around monetization of a society grappling with economic crises, rampant inflation, sanctions, and widespread financial misconduct—both petty and grand. To investigate monetary attitudes, this study employed the Lay and Furnham scale (2018) to examine the relationship between money and various variables, including gender, age, education, marital status, socioeconomic status, religious beliefs, ideological and political perspectives, life satisfaction, perceived success, and childhood experiences. Materials & Methods Approximately 5 decades ago, multidimensional criteria for understanding monetary attitudes and beliefs were established within sociology. Over time, various scales, variables, and tools have been developed to examine these attitudes and behaviors. This article employed a quantitative approach and survey methodology to identify the attitudinal patterns that influence the psychological and social dynamics of society, ultimately shaping collective behavior regarding money and reflecting the emotional connections individuals have with material objects. The data analysis method was grounded in Simmel's continuous dialectical approach, or dualism, which serves as a framework for comprehending the social phenomenon of money. The study aimed to expand the scale of monetary attitudes by introducing items that measured the factor of monetary future orientation within the target society. Alongside this, factors, such as representation of success, anxiety and distrust, displays of power and status, financial literacy, and monetary thinking and management were examined. The findings indicated that individuals' beliefs, as well as the economic, social, and cultural contexts of their societies, significantly influenced their monetary attitudes. To further explore the interplay between society and money in Iran, factor analysis was employed to assess the factorability of indicators, helping to elucidate the social meanings of money for individuals. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that money functioned as a social phenomenon within the competitive landscape of resources and benefits, making various facets of human life interpretable. An increase in public welfare significantly influenced other variables, altering perceptions of success, life satisfaction, spending habits, and ultimately, monetary attitudes. The factor of representing success had transformed money into an institution that enabled individuals to achieve goals otherwise unattainable. This was particularly crucial in societies where money served as a pathway to fulfilling aspirations. Conversely, the rules governing economic and social interactions reinforced monetary relationships, framing work relations according to this criterion. The shared value of money rendered all things exchangeable. Moreover, trust in the stability of currency was rooted in the socio-political order that underpined it; without this trust, the monetary flow collapsed. The results suggested that, within the studied society, economic profiteering, market distrust, concerns about savings, and a future-oriented monetary mindset—all driven by fervor for economic investment—were significant across various social contexts. In essence, money transcended the processes Simmel described as "commodification of reciprocal relations" or "general reduction of quality to quantity." It possessed intrinsic value through its three primary functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. However, the lack of assurance regarding the preservation of money's value by the governing system had hindered its ability to serve as an effective store of value. Consequently, society resorted to converting money and creating value through durable goods, engaging in capital investment to prevent the erosion of wealth. This scenario exemplified what Simmel referred to as the "tragedy of culture" where money reflected the broader cultural landscape with all its harsh realities. Ultimately, it was crucial to acknowledge that the monetary situation of the society was profoundly influenced by macro-level political and economic events. Until economic stability was restored, changes in people's monetary attitudes were unlikely. This necessitated a willingness to accept the risks associated with the monetization of culture, social system, and public morality. Patterns of financial behavior evolved in response to individual and societal needs, illustrating how people's financial behaviors were shaped by their attitudes and, in turn, influenced by economic and social developments. Introduction As the physical form of money increasingly gives way to digital representations in electronic societies, its role continues to transform. Money has long served to equalize disparities, evolving into a primarily symbolic entity. Currently, the cultural and social functions of money—understood as a "fait social total"—are undergoing significant changes. Recent sociological research presents money as an enigmatic social phenomenon, prompting scholars to explore the social implications of complex financial systems characterized by the tension between centralized monetary unions and diverse local currencies. In the past few decades, regional and global shifts centered on money—such as global financial crises, establishment of the European Monetary Union, collapse of socialism, rise of credit card payments, advent of electronic money, and emergence of various cryptocurrencies—have rendered the monetary landscape more intricate than ever before. Meanwhile, individuals' attitudes towards money are shaped by their lived experiences from childhood through adulthood influenced by the economic and social contexts they encounter. Thus, money holds significance not merely as a social object, but also because of the diverse meanings individuals attribute to it. In Iran, the pressing social issue revolves around monetization of a society grappling with economic crises, rampant inflation, sanctions, and widespread financial misconduct—both petty and grand. To investigate monetary attitudes, this study employed the Lay and Furnham scale (2018) to examine the relationship between money and various variables, including gender, age, education, marital status, socioeconomic status, religious beliefs, ideological and political perspectives, life satisfaction, perceived success, and childhood experiences. Materials & Methods Approximately 5 decades ago, multidimensional criteria for understanding monetary attitudes and beliefs were established within sociology. Over time, various scales, variables, and tools have been developed to examine these attitudes and behaviors. This article employed a quantitative approach and survey methodology to identify the attitudinal patterns that influence the psychological and social dynamics of society, ultimately shaping collective behavior regarding money and reflecting the emotional connections individuals have with material objects. The data analysis method was grounded in Simmel's continuous dialectical approach, or dualism, which serves as a framework for comprehending the social phenomenon of money. The study aimed to expand the scale of monetary attitudes by introducing items that measured the factor of monetary future orientation within the target society. Alongside this, factors, such as representation of success, anxiety and distrust, displays of power and status, financial literacy, and monetary thinking and management were examined. The findings indicated that individuals' beliefs, as well as the economic, social, and cultural contexts of their societies, significantly influenced their monetary attitudes. To further explore the interplay between society and money in Iran, factor analysis was employed to assess the factorability of indicators, helping to elucidate the social meanings of money for individuals. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that money functioned as a social phenomenon within the competitive landscape of resources and benefits, making various facets of human life interpretable. An increase in public welfare significantly influenced other variables, altering perceptions of success, life satisfaction, spending habits, and ultimately, monetary attitudes. The factor of representing success had transformed money into an institution that enabled individuals to achieve goals otherwise unattainable. This was particularly crucial in societies where money served as a pathway to fulfilling aspirations. Conversely, the rules governing economic and social interactions reinforced monetary relationships, framing work relations according to this criterion. The shared value of money rendered all things exchangeable. Moreover, trust in the stability of currency was rooted in the socio-political order that underpined it; without this trust, the monetary flow collapsed. The results suggested that, within the studied society, economic profiteering, market distrust, concerns about savings, and a future-oriented monetary mindset—all driven by fervor for economic investment—were significant across various social contexts. In essence, money transcended the processes Simmel described as "commodification of reciprocal relations" or "general reduction of quality to quantity." It possessed intrinsic value through its three primary functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. However, the lack of assurance regarding the preservation of money's value by the governing system had hindered its ability to serve as an effective store of value. Consequently, society resorted to converting money and creating value through durable goods, engaging in capital investment to prevent the erosion of wealth. This scenario exemplified what Simmel referred to as the "tragedy of culture" where money reflected the broader cultural landscape with all its harsh realities. Ultimately, it was crucial to acknowledge that the monetary situation of the society was profoundly influenced by macro-level political and economic events. Until economic stability was restored, changes in people's monetary attitudes were unlikely. This necessitated a willingness to accept the risks associated with the monetization of culture, social system, and public morality. Patterns of financial behavior evolved in response to individual and societal needs, illustrating how people's financial behaviors were shaped by their attitudes and, in turn, influenced by economic and social developments.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29240_5ba88271eaa4aa3e1e3c175e86b5ac7d.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Social Health of the Elderly in Tehran with a Focus on the Mediating Role of Family Social Support The Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Social Health of the Elderly in Tehran with a Focus on the Mediating Role of Family Social Support 101 132 29373 10.22108/jas.2025.143197.2572 FA Mina Inanloo PhD student in Sociology of Social Issues of Iran, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Khadijeh Safiri Professpr. Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-8068-5086 Afsaneh Tavassoli Associate professor of Women and Family Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 28 Introduction Despite efforts to prioritize the physical health of the elderly in our country, there remains a significant oversight regarding the social dimensions of their well-being. This aspect is particularly vital given the increasing elderly population and the challenges they face, such as retirement, loneliness, and isolation. Social health among the elderly is not uniformly distributed; socioeconomic status and the level of family support play critical roles in influencing their social well-being. Poverty and low socioeconomic status can adversely impact various facets of social life, including access to education, income distribution, health outcomes, and utilization of healthcare services. Furthermore, the rise of nuclear families, where both parents work, along with the migration of children for education or employment, has diminished family support for the elderly. This shift distances children from their parents and affects familial relationships, leading to a decline in the roles and acceptance of elderly individuals within the family structure. As a result, many elderly people, who require support and assistance from their families, especially their children, find themselves in increasingly precarious situations. Their physical, mental, and social health is more vulnerable than ever. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the socioeconomic status of the elderly in Tehran and their social health with a focus on the mediating role of family social support. Materials & Methods The study population comprised all elderly individuals aged 65 and older residing in Districts 1, 6, 5, 8, 10, 7, 14, 17, and 19 of Tehran, totaling 356,060 individuals according to the Tehran Statistical Yearbook. The sample size was determined to be 400 individuals, utilizing a cluster sampling method. In this approach, the regions of Tehran were categorized into 3 groups: developed, medium, and underprivileged. This classification was based on a study titled "Ranking of Tehran Neighborhoods in Terms of Quality of Life and Prosperity Level", which employed 53 indices of quality of life and prosperity using a fuzzy TOPSIS technique. This methodology allowed researchers to classify Tehran's regions and neighborhoods according to their development status. Regions 1 and 6 were randomly selected from the developed category, Regions 5 and 8 from the medium category, and Regions 10, 7, 14, 17, and 19 from the underprivileged category requiring intervention. Approximately 133 questionnaires were allocated to each category. After randomly selecting the first region, the number of questionnaires to be distributed was determined based on the region size. If the desired number was insufficient, an additional region from the same category was randomly chosen. In the subsequent phase, neighborhoods within the selected regions were assessed for prosperity. The researcher visited the most prosperous neighborhoods in the developed regions, the average neighborhoods in the medium regions, and the least prosperous neighborhoods in the underprivileged areas, selecting 1 to 2 neighborhoods in each region to administer the questionnaires. Finally, the questionnaires were completed through convenience sampling, targeting individuals aged 65 years and above. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicated that the mean social health score of the elderly was 41.24, which was above average. In contrast, the mean score for family social support was 35.02, falling below the average. The analysis revealed no significant difference in social health between male and female participants; however, married elderly individuals exhibited higher social health compared to their unmarried counterparts. Furthermore, family social support varied significantly by gender, with women receiving more support than men. Married elderly individuals also reported higher levels of family social support than those who were unmarried. Correlation coefficients demonstrated a significant relationship between income, assets, education, and occupational status with the social health of the elderly. Among the demographic variables, age and residential area were also significantly associated with social health. Structural equation modeling results indicated that, among the remaining variables in the model—namely income, assets, education, occupational status, and residential area—there was a significant relationship with social health. Notably, family social support acted as a positive mediator among these variables. The analysis showed that assets had the most substantial overall effect (both direct and indirect) on social health, accounting for 0.98%. This suggested that the more assets elderly individuals possessed, the more they perceived themselves as valuable contributors to society, leading to greater community involvement. Asset ownership also fostered a sense of belonging and connection within the community, promoting a positive outlook on life and their surroundings. Unlike income, which was typically received on a monthly or annual basis, assets provided long-term financial security, alleviating stress and anxiety about the future and enabling individuals to lead more peaceful lives. Assets could create opportunities for better education, quality healthcare, travel, business investments, and charitable endeavors. They also conferred social power and influence, aiding in crucial life decisions, such as job selection, residential choices, and social participation, ultimately enhancing social health. Therefore, supporting the preservation or acquisition of assets for the elderly could serve as an effective strategy for improving social health in policy-making. Introduction Despite efforts to prioritize the physical health of the elderly in our country, there remains a significant oversight regarding the social dimensions of their well-being. This aspect is particularly vital given the increasing elderly population and the challenges they face, such as retirement, loneliness, and isolation. Social health among the elderly is not uniformly distributed; socioeconomic status and the level of family support play critical roles in influencing their social well-being. Poverty and low socioeconomic status can adversely impact various facets of social life, including access to education, income distribution, health outcomes, and utilization of healthcare services. Furthermore, the rise of nuclear families, where both parents work, along with the migration of children for education or employment, has diminished family support for the elderly. This shift distances children from their parents and affects familial relationships, leading to a decline in the roles and acceptance of elderly individuals within the family structure. As a result, many elderly people, who require support and assistance from their families, especially their children, find themselves in increasingly precarious situations. Their physical, mental, and social health is more vulnerable than ever. This study aimed to explore the relationship between the socioeconomic status of the elderly in Tehran and their social health with a focus on the mediating role of family social support. Materials & Methods The study population comprised all elderly individuals aged 65 and older residing in Districts 1, 6, 5, 8, 10, 7, 14, 17, and 19 of Tehran, totaling 356,060 individuals according to the Tehran Statistical Yearbook. The sample size was determined to be 400 individuals, utilizing a cluster sampling method. In this approach, the regions of Tehran were categorized into 3 groups: developed, medium, and underprivileged. This classification was based on a study titled "Ranking of Tehran Neighborhoods in Terms of Quality of Life and Prosperity Level", which employed 53 indices of quality of life and prosperity using a fuzzy TOPSIS technique. This methodology allowed researchers to classify Tehran's regions and neighborhoods according to their development status. Regions 1 and 6 were randomly selected from the developed category, Regions 5 and 8 from the medium category, and Regions 10, 7, 14, 17, and 19 from the underprivileged category requiring intervention. Approximately 133 questionnaires were allocated to each category. After randomly selecting the first region, the number of questionnaires to be distributed was determined based on the region size. If the desired number was insufficient, an additional region from the same category was randomly chosen. In the subsequent phase, neighborhoods within the selected regions were assessed for prosperity. The researcher visited the most prosperous neighborhoods in the developed regions, the average neighborhoods in the medium regions, and the least prosperous neighborhoods in the underprivileged areas, selecting 1 to 2 neighborhoods in each region to administer the questionnaires. Finally, the questionnaires were completed through convenience sampling, targeting individuals aged 65 years and above. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicated that the mean social health score of the elderly was 41.24, which was above average. In contrast, the mean score for family social support was 35.02, falling below the average. The analysis revealed no significant difference in social health between male and female participants; however, married elderly individuals exhibited higher social health compared to their unmarried counterparts. Furthermore, family social support varied significantly by gender, with women receiving more support than men. Married elderly individuals also reported higher levels of family social support than those who were unmarried. Correlation coefficients demonstrated a significant relationship between income, assets, education, and occupational status with the social health of the elderly. Among the demographic variables, age and residential area were also significantly associated with social health. Structural equation modeling results indicated that, among the remaining variables in the model—namely income, assets, education, occupational status, and residential area—there was a significant relationship with social health. Notably, family social support acted as a positive mediator among these variables. The analysis showed that assets had the most substantial overall effect (both direct and indirect) on social health, accounting for 0.98%. This suggested that the more assets elderly individuals possessed, the more they perceived themselves as valuable contributors to society, leading to greater community involvement. Asset ownership also fostered a sense of belonging and connection within the community, promoting a positive outlook on life and their surroundings. Unlike income, which was typically received on a monthly or annual basis, assets provided long-term financial security, alleviating stress and anxiety about the future and enabling individuals to lead more peaceful lives. Assets could create opportunities for better education, quality healthcare, travel, business investments, and charitable endeavors. They also conferred social power and influence, aiding in crucial life decisions, such as job selection, residential choices, and social participation, ultimately enhancing social health. Therefore, supporting the preservation or acquisition of assets for the elderly could serve as an effective strategy for improving social health in policy-making.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29373_af7555da914170a81b8edeb9c5827e0a.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 2 2025 06 22 Factors Affecting the Ideals of Childbearing among Young People within Iranian Ethnic Groups Factors Affecting the Ideals of Childbearing among Young People within Iranian Ethnic Groups 133 148 29401 10.22108/jas.2025.143755.2591 FA Zahra Ghorbani Assistant professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Arak, Arak, Iran Mohamad Aghasi Ph.D. in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 22 Introduction Ethnicity significantly influences childbearing behavior and is a key focus in fertility studies within multiethnic societies. Given Iran's diverse ethnic composition, it is crucial to explore the relationship between ethnicity and fertility. One important indicator for predicting future trends in childbearing is the ideal number of children, which can be assessed through surveys that examine individual attitudes. To understand changes in the family sphere, particularly regarding childbearing, it is essential to investigate the attitudes of younger age groups, who represent the primary demographic for future fertility trends. The values and beliefs of young people about childbearing and family formation are critical indicators of the current desire to establish families and have children in Iranian society. Additionally, shifts in the values and attitudes of the youth may evolve into the prevailing social norms surrounding childbearing in the future. Therefore, understanding the perspectives of young age groups on this issue is of utmost importance. Materials & Methods This study employed secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the National Survey of Youth Attitudes toward Marriage and Family Formation, which was conducted in 2019 by using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The target population for this project included single youth aged 18 to 34 years across the country during that year. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized to survey a sample of 3,021 individuals. The sampling plan was designed to categorize the provinces into 7 clusters based on the variable of "ethnicity". The sample was then distributed among 13 provinces in proportion to the population size of each cluster relative to the total statistical population of the country. In addition to the provincial capitals, two cities and two villages were selected for sampling within each province. The distribution of the sample among cities and villages was proportionate to the overall sample size for each province, as well as the respective sizes of the cities and villages. Data collection occurred in key streets and squares of both cities and villages. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis were employed to analyze the data, which were processed using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings indicated that, in 2019, the desire to remain childless among single individuals aged 18 to 34 years in the Fars ethnic group was 2.4% higher than in other ethnic groups. The preference for having two children was the most common, with approximately 47% of young people expressing this desire. Around 4% wished to be childless, 26% preferred having one child, and 23% desired three or more children. The Baluch ethnic group reported the highest average ideal number of children at 2.45 followed by the Lor ethnic group at 2.08 and the Kurdish ethnic group at 2.01, with all averages indicating a preference for more than two children. A bivariate statistical test comparing the ideal number of children across ethnicities at a significance level of 0.0005 revealed significant differences among the groups. Furthermore, employment status and religiosity emerged as important factors influencing young people's ideals regarding children. Ethnicity, as a social and cultural construct, plays a crucial role in shaping childbearing behaviors. Thus, acknowledging the influence of ethnicity is vital for developing effective youth policies in the country. To address the evolving values and attitudes of those of childbearing age, it is recommended that policies be implemented to foster a culture that values children within the family. Suggested initiatives include family-oriented education in schools and universities, cultural promotion through mass media, providing counseling services for young couples, reinforcing religious values related to family, and introducing indicators of an ideal family that can serve as a model for youth. Introduction Ethnicity significantly influences childbearing behavior and is a key focus in fertility studies within multiethnic societies. Given Iran's diverse ethnic composition, it is crucial to explore the relationship between ethnicity and fertility. One important indicator for predicting future trends in childbearing is the ideal number of children, which can be assessed through surveys that examine individual attitudes. To understand changes in the family sphere, particularly regarding childbearing, it is essential to investigate the attitudes of younger age groups, who represent the primary demographic for future fertility trends. The values and beliefs of young people about childbearing and family formation are critical indicators of the current desire to establish families and have children in Iranian society. Additionally, shifts in the values and attitudes of the youth may evolve into the prevailing social norms surrounding childbearing in the future. Therefore, understanding the perspectives of young age groups on this issue is of utmost importance. Materials & Methods This study employed secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the National Survey of Youth Attitudes toward Marriage and Family Formation, which was conducted in 2019 by using questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. The target population for this project included single youth aged 18 to 34 years across the country during that year. A multi-stage cluster sampling method was utilized to survey a sample of 3,021 individuals. The sampling plan was designed to categorize the provinces into 7 clusters based on the variable of "ethnicity". The sample was then distributed among 13 provinces in proportion to the population size of each cluster relative to the total statistical population of the country. In addition to the provincial capitals, two cities and two villages were selected for sampling within each province. The distribution of the sample among cities and villages was proportionate to the overall sample size for each province, as well as the respective sizes of the cities and villages. Data collection occurred in key streets and squares of both cities and villages. Descriptive statistics and Poisson regression analysis were employed to analyze the data, which were processed using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings indicated that, in 2019, the desire to remain childless among single individuals aged 18 to 34 years in the Fars ethnic group was 2.4% higher than in other ethnic groups. The preference for having two children was the most common, with approximately 47% of young people expressing this desire. Around 4% wished to be childless, 26% preferred having one child, and 23% desired three or more children. The Baluch ethnic group reported the highest average ideal number of children at 2.45 followed by the Lor ethnic group at 2.08 and the Kurdish ethnic group at 2.01, with all averages indicating a preference for more than two children. A bivariate statistical test comparing the ideal number of children across ethnicities at a significance level of 0.0005 revealed significant differences among the groups. Furthermore, employment status and religiosity emerged as important factors influencing young people's ideals regarding children. Ethnicity, as a social and cultural construct, plays a crucial role in shaping childbearing behaviors. Thus, acknowledging the influence of ethnicity is vital for developing effective youth policies in the country. To address the evolving values and attitudes of those of childbearing age, it is recommended that policies be implemented to foster a culture that values children within the family. Suggested initiatives include family-oriented education in schools and universities, cultural promotion through mass media, providing counseling services for young couples, reinforcing religious values related to family, and introducing indicators of an ideal family that can serve as a model for youth.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29401_add52c99064a7309bd4001cefe8a026c.pdf