University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 Factors Affecting Attitudes towards Cohabitation among Iranian Youth Factors Affecting Attitudes towards Cohabitation among Iranian Youth 1 28 29420 10.22108/jas.2025.142259.2537 FA Reyhane Ghasemi Neyasar M.A. in Demography, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Rasoul Sadeghi Associate professor, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Fatemeh Torabi Professor, Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 10 Introduction In previous decades, marriage has been more prevalent, while cohabitation has been largely limited to specific social groups. However, attitudes toward cohabitation are shifting in many countries, resulting in its increased acceptance and prevalence. In Iran, although some young people still hold disapproving views about cohabitation, its occurrence is rising, particularly in major cities like Tehran. The theory of the second demographic transition highlights that growing individualism, secularism, and gender egalitarianism have contributed to the emergence of new family structures, including cohabitation. This article aimed to explore young individuals' perspectives on cohabitation and analyze the factors influencing these attitudes. Materials & Methods This study conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2020 National Survey of Values and Attitudes of Youth. The data collection tool for this survey was a questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. The sample comprised 11,573 individuals aged 18 to 35 years, residing in both urban and rural areas across 31 provinces of the country. A multi-stage sampling method was employed for sample selection. The demographic characteristics of the sample were as follows: the average age of respondents was approximately 27 years. Most participants (about 53%) were unemployed. In terms of religion, the majority of the sample population (89%) identified as Shia Muslims and 74% of respondents resided in urban areas. The dependent variable was the attitude toward cohabitation measured using a question on a 5-point Likert scale. Independent variables included demographic factors (gender, age, marital status, education level, employment status, ethnicity, religion, and place of residence), family-related factors (economic status of the household, family cohesion, and supervision), attitudes toward marriage and interactions with the opposite sex, and a cultural consumption index. For the multivariable analysis, the Ordinal Logistic Regression test was utilized. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that approximately 31% of participants held modern views on marriage and its stability, while 55% adopted moderate views and 14% maintained traditional perspectives. About 63% of respondents had a favorable outlook on friendships between girls and boys, whereas around 28% opposed such relationships. Moreover, the data revealed that the majority of respondents did not support cohabitation, with only about 15% expressing a positive attitude toward it. Although the acceptance of cohabitation remained low in Iranian society, the increasing trend compared to the 2015 survey on values and attitudes suggested that this phenomenon could become significant in the future. Consequently, one of the challenges facing marriage and family formation in the coming decades will be the rising trend of cohabitation. The analysis also showed that individuals with a favorable view of cohabitation were typically male, unmarried, aged 18 to 23 years, unemployed, of Persian ethnicity, and residing in urban areas. Furthermore, the results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that various demographic factors—such as gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religion, and place of residence—along with family socioeconomic status, attitudes toward marriage, interactions with the opposite sex, and cultural consumption positively influenced attitudes toward cohabitation. Conversely, the multivariable analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between family cohesion and monitoring and attitudes toward cohabitation. In other words, as family cohesion and oversight increased, favorable attitudes toward cohabitation decreased. The model demonstrated a relatively good fit, collectively explaining about one-third of the variance in the dependent variable. These findings align with the assumptions of theories related to diffusion, social control, the second demographic transition, and cultural change, which provide suitable explanations for attitudes toward cohabitation. In conclusion, this study underscored that cohabitation, despite encountering some resistance, presented a significant challenge to the social and cultural norms of Iran. The rise in cohabitation was anticipated to become a key obstacle to traditional marriage and family structures in the years to come. Addressing this issue through awareness-raising initiatives and preventive measures is essential. Given the potential negative impacts of cohabitation on Iranian society, culture, and family well-being, further research in this area is advisable, along with the development of policies to support the marriage of young individuals. Introduction In previous decades, marriage has been more prevalent, while cohabitation has been largely limited to specific social groups. However, attitudes toward cohabitation are shifting in many countries, resulting in its increased acceptance and prevalence. In Iran, although some young people still hold disapproving views about cohabitation, its occurrence is rising, particularly in major cities like Tehran. The theory of the second demographic transition highlights that growing individualism, secularism, and gender egalitarianism have contributed to the emergence of new family structures, including cohabitation. This article aimed to explore young individuals' perspectives on cohabitation and analyze the factors influencing these attitudes. Materials & Methods This study conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2020 National Survey of Values and Attitudes of Youth. The data collection tool for this survey was a questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. The sample comprised 11,573 individuals aged 18 to 35 years, residing in both urban and rural areas across 31 provinces of the country. A multi-stage sampling method was employed for sample selection. The demographic characteristics of the sample were as follows: the average age of respondents was approximately 27 years. Most participants (about 53%) were unemployed. In terms of religion, the majority of the sample population (89%) identified as Shia Muslims and 74% of respondents resided in urban areas. The dependent variable was the attitude toward cohabitation measured using a question on a 5-point Likert scale. Independent variables included demographic factors (gender, age, marital status, education level, employment status, ethnicity, religion, and place of residence), family-related factors (economic status of the household, family cohesion, and supervision), attitudes toward marriage and interactions with the opposite sex, and a cultural consumption index. For the multivariable analysis, the Ordinal Logistic Regression test was utilized. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that approximately 31% of participants held modern views on marriage and its stability, while 55% adopted moderate views and 14% maintained traditional perspectives. About 63% of respondents had a favorable outlook on friendships between girls and boys, whereas around 28% opposed such relationships. Moreover, the data revealed that the majority of respondents did not support cohabitation, with only about 15% expressing a positive attitude toward it. Although the acceptance of cohabitation remained low in Iranian society, the increasing trend compared to the 2015 survey on values and attitudes suggested that this phenomenon could become significant in the future. Consequently, one of the challenges facing marriage and family formation in the coming decades will be the rising trend of cohabitation. The analysis also showed that individuals with a favorable view of cohabitation were typically male, unmarried, aged 18 to 23 years, unemployed, of Persian ethnicity, and residing in urban areas. Furthermore, the results of the ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that various demographic factors—such as gender, age, marital status, ethnicity, religion, and place of residence—along with family socioeconomic status, attitudes toward marriage, interactions with the opposite sex, and cultural consumption positively influenced attitudes toward cohabitation. Conversely, the multivariable analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between family cohesion and monitoring and attitudes toward cohabitation. In other words, as family cohesion and oversight increased, favorable attitudes toward cohabitation decreased. The model demonstrated a relatively good fit, collectively explaining about one-third of the variance in the dependent variable. These findings align with the assumptions of theories related to diffusion, social control, the second demographic transition, and cultural change, which provide suitable explanations for attitudes toward cohabitation. In conclusion, this study underscored that cohabitation, despite encountering some resistance, presented a significant challenge to the social and cultural norms of Iran. The rise in cohabitation was anticipated to become a key obstacle to traditional marriage and family structures in the years to come. Addressing this issue through awareness-raising initiatives and preventive measures is essential. Given the potential negative impacts of cohabitation on Iranian society, culture, and family well-being, further research in this area is advisable, along with the development of policies to support the marriage of young individuals.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29420_af247b254beddb0d0ef73daee8741aa2.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 Development and Validation of a Critical Thinking Questionnaire: A Case Study of the Lived Experience of Students from the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Development and Validation of a Critical Thinking Questionnaire: A Case Study of the Lived Experience of Students from the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 29 52 29259 10.22108/jas.2025.143488.2582 FA Esmaeil Kashef Ph.D. student, Department of Philosophy of Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Arak branch, Arak, Iran Maghsod Farasatkhah Professor. Department of Higher Education Development Planning, Institute for Research and Planning of Higher Education, Tehran, Iran Vahid Ghasemi Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Mozhgan Mohammadi Naeni Assistant professor, Department of Philosophy of Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Arak branch, Arak, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 25 Introduction Critical thinking is recognized as one of the essential skills in higher education, particularly for university students preparing to enter the job market and professional environments. Given its significance, the need for a valid and standardized tool to assess students' lived experiences of critical thinking has become increasingly evident. Such an instrument would be invaluable for educational planners and researchers seeking to enhance curricula and pedagogical strategies. Moreover, the existing research gap in this domain underscores the necessity for further studies to develop culturally relevant assessment tools. Although several instruments have been created to assess critical thinking, most have been designed within Western cultural contexts, limiting their applicability to students in Iran. As a result, these tools may not align with the values, norms, and cultural experiences of this population. Additionally, the existing assessments tend to focus primarily on the cognitive dimensions of critical thinking—such as logical reasoning, analysis, and information evaluation—while overlooking its emotional, social, and motivational aspects. The lack of emphasis on personal narratives and lived experiences further neglects the qualitative dimensions of critical thinking. To address these gaps, this study aimed to design, develop, and validate a new questionnaire that captured the students' lived experiences of critical thinking at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. A mixed-methods research design employing a sequential exploratory (qualitative followed by quantitative) approach was utilized. The newly developed instrument consisted of 5 main sub-factors and a total of 50 items. Various analyses, including factor analysis, were conducted to ensure the questionnaire's validity and reliability. The study targeted the student population of the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2023–2024. By developing and validating a culturally adapted instrument, this research contributed to a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the students' lived experiences of critical thinking, ultimately enhancing educational strategies tailored to their needs. Materials & Methods This article presented findings from a research study conducted using a mixed-methods approach with a sequential exploratory (qualitative followed by quantitative) design. In the quantitative phase, the research methodology was applied characterized by descriptive, non-experimental data collection methods. Data analysis involved correlation and factor analysis techniques. The statistical population for this study comprised all students at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 1402-1403, totaling approximately 26,000 individuals. The information about this population was organized by university, faculty, academic level, and gender. Statistical methods were employed at the two descriptive and inferential levels. Descriptive statistics included indices of central tendency and dispersion, such as mean and standard deviation, along with absolute and relative distributions of the studied students. The majority of statistical analyses were conducted at the inferential level. This included the use of correlation coefficients and their significance, exploratory factor analysis to extract latent factors from the developed research items (involving estimation of factor loadings and their significance, evaluation of eigenvalues based on the Kaiser criterion, and creation of scree plots), as well as confirmatory factor analysis to test the hierarchical structure of the final factor model, including the potential for second-order factors. Data-driven Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach (PLS-SEM) was also utilized. To assess the validity and reliability of the factor measurements, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, composite reliability coefficients, and the Fornell-Larcker matrix were employed. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analyses conducted revealed that the factorial structure of the designed instrument initially comprised 12 factors, which were subsequently refined to 7 final factors. This reduction was achieved by eliminating factors with lower loadings or insufficient explanatory power in accounting for data variance. The final seven factors, encompassing 37 items, were as follows: honorable and responsible existence, organizational destructiveness, thinking beyond, conservative organization, multiple encounters, cost-reward duality, and uncritical authority. The findings of this study indicated a strong connection between critical thinking and an honorable and responsible way of living, where critical thinking was closely intertwined with ethical and professional behaviors. Students demonstrating higher levels of critical thinking were generally more attuned to their surroundings and inclined toward ethical conduct. The factor of "multiple encounters" suggested that personal development was enhanced by strengthening critical thinking; however, if the organizational culture of the university did not promote openness and honesty, it might impede this growth. The factor of "organizational destructiveness" highlighted structural, cultural, and social barriers that restricted students' engagement in critical thinking. Additionally, mandatory and prescriptive curricula significantly limited the capacity for critical thinking. The factor of "cost-reward duality" illustrated the challenges and contradictions students encountered when exercising critical thinking. In many instances, the exercising critical thinking at the university entailed social, psychological, or even academic costs. Nevertheless, some students with robust critical thinking skills exhibited greater resilience in facing crises and challenges, embracing critical thinking as a guiding principle, which enhanced their satisfaction and enthusiasm. Two newly identified factors—conservative organization and uncritical authority—underscored the importance of cultural and social influences in shaping the students' critical thinking. The statistical analyses demonstrated strong and significant correlations among the various dimensions of critical thinking, reinforcing confidence in the instrument's validity and reliability. Given that this scale effectively assessed diverse aspects of critical thinking, it could also be employed to evaluate critical thinking in other academic contexts. Ultimately, the findings of this study could aid educational administrators and policymakers in designing academic programs and policies that fostered environments conducive to the effective development of critical thinking. It is recommended that educational settings be structured to encourage critical thinking and intellectual independence among students. Universities can play a pivotal role in enhancing students' critical thinking skills by creating open spaces for discussion and debate, thereby promoting an active and engaged learning culture. Introduction Critical thinking is recognized as one of the essential skills in higher education, particularly for university students preparing to enter the job market and professional environments. Given its significance, the need for a valid and standardized tool to assess students' lived experiences of critical thinking has become increasingly evident. Such an instrument would be invaluable for educational planners and researchers seeking to enhance curricula and pedagogical strategies. Moreover, the existing research gap in this domain underscores the necessity for further studies to develop culturally relevant assessment tools. Although several instruments have been created to assess critical thinking, most have been designed within Western cultural contexts, limiting their applicability to students in Iran. As a result, these tools may not align with the values, norms, and cultural experiences of this population. Additionally, the existing assessments tend to focus primarily on the cognitive dimensions of critical thinking—such as logical reasoning, analysis, and information evaluation—while overlooking its emotional, social, and motivational aspects. The lack of emphasis on personal narratives and lived experiences further neglects the qualitative dimensions of critical thinking. To address these gaps, this study aimed to design, develop, and validate a new questionnaire that captured the students' lived experiences of critical thinking at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. A mixed-methods research design employing a sequential exploratory (qualitative followed by quantitative) approach was utilized. The newly developed instrument consisted of 5 main sub-factors and a total of 50 items. Various analyses, including factor analysis, were conducted to ensure the questionnaire's validity and reliability. The study targeted the student population of the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2023–2024. By developing and validating a culturally adapted instrument, this research contributed to a more comprehensive and accurate assessment of the students' lived experiences of critical thinking, ultimately enhancing educational strategies tailored to their needs. Materials & Methods This article presented findings from a research study conducted using a mixed-methods approach with a sequential exploratory (qualitative followed by quantitative) design. In the quantitative phase, the research methodology was applied characterized by descriptive, non-experimental data collection methods. Data analysis involved correlation and factor analysis techniques. The statistical population for this study comprised all students at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 1402-1403, totaling approximately 26,000 individuals. The information about this population was organized by university, faculty, academic level, and gender. Statistical methods were employed at the two descriptive and inferential levels. Descriptive statistics included indices of central tendency and dispersion, such as mean and standard deviation, along with absolute and relative distributions of the studied students. The majority of statistical analyses were conducted at the inferential level. This included the use of correlation coefficients and their significance, exploratory factor analysis to extract latent factors from the developed research items (involving estimation of factor loadings and their significance, evaluation of eigenvalues based on the Kaiser criterion, and creation of scree plots), as well as confirmatory factor analysis to test the hierarchical structure of the final factor model, including the potential for second-order factors. Data-driven Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach (PLS-SEM) was also utilized. To assess the validity and reliability of the factor measurements, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, composite reliability coefficients, and the Fornell-Larcker matrix were employed. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analyses conducted revealed that the factorial structure of the designed instrument initially comprised 12 factors, which were subsequently refined to 7 final factors. This reduction was achieved by eliminating factors with lower loadings or insufficient explanatory power in accounting for data variance. The final seven factors, encompassing 37 items, were as follows: honorable and responsible existence, organizational destructiveness, thinking beyond, conservative organization, multiple encounters, cost-reward duality, and uncritical authority. The findings of this study indicated a strong connection between critical thinking and an honorable and responsible way of living, where critical thinking was closely intertwined with ethical and professional behaviors. Students demonstrating higher levels of critical thinking were generally more attuned to their surroundings and inclined toward ethical conduct. The factor of "multiple encounters" suggested that personal development was enhanced by strengthening critical thinking; however, if the organizational culture of the university did not promote openness and honesty, it might impede this growth. The factor of "organizational destructiveness" highlighted structural, cultural, and social barriers that restricted students' engagement in critical thinking. Additionally, mandatory and prescriptive curricula significantly limited the capacity for critical thinking. The factor of "cost-reward duality" illustrated the challenges and contradictions students encountered when exercising critical thinking. In many instances, the exercising critical thinking at the university entailed social, psychological, or even academic costs. Nevertheless, some students with robust critical thinking skills exhibited greater resilience in facing crises and challenges, embracing critical thinking as a guiding principle, which enhanced their satisfaction and enthusiasm. Two newly identified factors—conservative organization and uncritical authority—underscored the importance of cultural and social influences in shaping the students' critical thinking. The statistical analyses demonstrated strong and significant correlations among the various dimensions of critical thinking, reinforcing confidence in the instrument's validity and reliability. Given that this scale effectively assessed diverse aspects of critical thinking, it could also be employed to evaluate critical thinking in other academic contexts. Ultimately, the findings of this study could aid educational administrators and policymakers in designing academic programs and policies that fostered environments conducive to the effective development of critical thinking. It is recommended that educational settings be structured to encourage critical thinking and intellectual independence among students. Universities can play a pivotal role in enhancing students' critical thinking skills by creating open spaces for discussion and debate, thereby promoting an active and engaged learning culture.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29259_5ea6574040707176c2a4ce004838e8e5.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 Requirements for Becoming a Startup: A Study with an Economic Sociology Approach (Case Study: Managers of Startups in Isfahan City) Requirements for Becoming a Startup: A Study with an Economic Sociology Approach (Case Study: Managers of Startups in Isfahan City) 53 82 29533 10.22108/jas.2025.144469.2610 FA Rahmatollah Torkan Ph.D. Candidate in Economic-Development Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Yasouj, Yasouj, Iran Seyed Samad Beheshty Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Yasouj, Yasouj, Iran Ramin Moradi Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Yasouj, Yasouj, Iran 0000-0001-8935-1891 Journal Article 2025 02 25 Introduction In today's fast-paced world, the growing dynamics of the global economy, society, and technology have given rise to new business models. Among these, startups have emerged as vital engines of economic development due to their innovative potential. These emerging companies contribute significantly to job creation and economic advancement by introducing creative business models and cutting-edge technologies. However, like many social phenomena, business paradigms are evolving. A notable trend is the increasing recognition of startups as the key drivers of economic growth and innovation, attracting international attention as countries strive to enhance their startup ecosystems. Iran is no exception to this movement with various initiatives aimed at developing its startup sector. Despite this progress, much of the existing research on startups has overlooked the specific requirements for their establishment in particular contexts, often taking a generalized approach. Additionally, many studies have focused on macro-level analyses, neglecting a deeper understanding of the perspectives of individuals involved in this field at the micro level. To address these gaps, the present study aimed to analyze the process of becoming a startup and the associated contexts and requirements in the city of Isfahan, utilizing an economic sociology framework. By concentrating on the viewpoints of startup managers, this study sought to provide a clearer understanding of these requirements within this specific context. Materials & Methods This qualitative research grounded in the interpretive paradigm and utilizing the thematic network approach (Attride-Stirling, 2001) was designed to uncover meaningful patterns within the data. The study population consisted of all startup and knowledge-based company managers in the city of Isfahan. From this group, 14 experienced managers of active startups—each with a minimum of 5 years in innovation and technology—were selected through purposive sampling to provide rich, in-depth insights on the topic. Data collection was conducted via semi-structured in-depth interviews from early April to late November 2024. These discussions centered on the managers' experiences in the startup formation process and their identification of key requirements from their perspectives. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 software, following the systematic steps of the thematic network approach, which included initial coding, organizing themes at both basic and global levels, and explicating the organizing themes while mapping the relationships between them. To enhance the credibility and reliability of the research findings, two key mechanisms were employed: member checking to confirm that the findings accurately reflected the participants' experiences and an independent evaluation by an external auditor familiar with qualitative research methods and economic sociology, ensuring an impartial review of the analysis process. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis of startup managers' perspectives in Isfahan highlighted that the requirements for becoming a startup could be encapsulated within a comprehensive theme: "Becoming a Startup as an Innovation Ecosystem". This overarching theme elucidated the formation and development of a dynamic, interactive network composed of diverse structural, individual, micro-, macro-, and economic-social elements, all of which contributed to the growth and success of entrepreneurship in the form of startups within a specific geographical area. This innovative ecosystem functioned as a coordinated and synergistic system. The key organizing themes within this ecosystem included: Startup Ecosystem: Encompassing innovative policymaking structures, startup legislation, supportive government initiatives, internationalization, and the startup community Strategic Idea: Serving as an innovative and market-reality-based foundation Startup Mentality: Reflecting the leadership, entrepreneurial spirit, and risk-taking attributes of founders Affinity of Strategic Financial Approach: Manifested in funding strategies and the alignment between investors and founders Team Dynamics: Emphasizing the importance of teamwork and specialized division of labor Market Realism: Informed by accurate analyses of customer needs Startup Networking: Focusing on creating and strengthening connections According to the managers of Isfahan startups, the formation, strengthening, and sustainability of these ventures relied on the interaction and synergy of these organizing themes at various levels. A robust startup ecosystem created a comprehensive platform that connected all elements and, through diverse supports, bolstered innovation and sustainability of startups. Within this framework, the strategic idea served as the initial catalyst, while the startup mentality embodied the essential characteristics of founders. Financial affinity acted as a critical survival factor, team dynamics provided the driving force, market realism guided actions, and networking served as a lever for development. Together, these components facilitated the process of becoming a startup in conjunction with the startup ecosystem. In conclusion, "Becoming a Startup as an Innovation Ecosystem" illustrated the interconnectedness and synergy of essential requirements for innovation. Without the presence and mutual interaction of these elements at various layers of business, the process of establishing a startup might be hindered or indefinitely delayed. Introduction In today's fast-paced world, the growing dynamics of the global economy, society, and technology have given rise to new business models. Among these, startups have emerged as vital engines of economic development due to their innovative potential. These emerging companies contribute significantly to job creation and economic advancement by introducing creative business models and cutting-edge technologies. However, like many social phenomena, business paradigms are evolving. A notable trend is the increasing recognition of startups as the key drivers of economic growth and innovation, attracting international attention as countries strive to enhance their startup ecosystems. Iran is no exception to this movement with various initiatives aimed at developing its startup sector. Despite this progress, much of the existing research on startups has overlooked the specific requirements for their establishment in particular contexts, often taking a generalized approach. Additionally, many studies have focused on macro-level analyses, neglecting a deeper understanding of the perspectives of individuals involved in this field at the micro level. To address these gaps, the present study aimed to analyze the process of becoming a startup and the associated contexts and requirements in the city of Isfahan, utilizing an economic sociology framework. By concentrating on the viewpoints of startup managers, this study sought to provide a clearer understanding of these requirements within this specific context. Materials & Methods This qualitative research grounded in the interpretive paradigm and utilizing the thematic network approach (Attride-Stirling, 2001) was designed to uncover meaningful patterns within the data. The study population consisted of all startup and knowledge-based company managers in the city of Isfahan. From this group, 14 experienced managers of active startups—each with a minimum of 5 years in innovation and technology—were selected through purposive sampling to provide rich, in-depth insights on the topic. Data collection was conducted via semi-structured in-depth interviews from early April to late November 2024. These discussions centered on the managers' experiences in the startup formation process and their identification of key requirements from their perspectives. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 software, following the systematic steps of the thematic network approach, which included initial coding, organizing themes at both basic and global levels, and explicating the organizing themes while mapping the relationships between them. To enhance the credibility and reliability of the research findings, two key mechanisms were employed: member checking to confirm that the findings accurately reflected the participants' experiences and an independent evaluation by an external auditor familiar with qualitative research methods and economic sociology, ensuring an impartial review of the analysis process. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis of startup managers' perspectives in Isfahan highlighted that the requirements for becoming a startup could be encapsulated within a comprehensive theme: "Becoming a Startup as an Innovation Ecosystem". This overarching theme elucidated the formation and development of a dynamic, interactive network composed of diverse structural, individual, micro-, macro-, and economic-social elements, all of which contributed to the growth and success of entrepreneurship in the form of startups within a specific geographical area. This innovative ecosystem functioned as a coordinated and synergistic system. The key organizing themes within this ecosystem included: Startup Ecosystem: Encompassing innovative policymaking structures, startup legislation, supportive government initiatives, internationalization, and the startup community Strategic Idea: Serving as an innovative and market-reality-based foundation Startup Mentality: Reflecting the leadership, entrepreneurial spirit, and risk-taking attributes of founders Affinity of Strategic Financial Approach: Manifested in funding strategies and the alignment between investors and founders Team Dynamics: Emphasizing the importance of teamwork and specialized division of labor Market Realism: Informed by accurate analyses of customer needs Startup Networking: Focusing on creating and strengthening connections According to the managers of Isfahan startups, the formation, strengthening, and sustainability of these ventures relied on the interaction and synergy of these organizing themes at various levels. A robust startup ecosystem created a comprehensive platform that connected all elements and, through diverse supports, bolstered innovation and sustainability of startups. Within this framework, the strategic idea served as the initial catalyst, while the startup mentality embodied the essential characteristics of founders. Financial affinity acted as a critical survival factor, team dynamics provided the driving force, market realism guided actions, and networking served as a lever for development. Together, these components facilitated the process of becoming a startup in conjunction with the startup ecosystem. In conclusion, "Becoming a Startup as an Innovation Ecosystem" illustrated the interconnectedness and synergy of essential requirements for innovation. Without the presence and mutual interaction of these elements at various layers of business, the process of establishing a startup might be hindered or indefinitely delayed.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29533_39e395d96a98cfdb1c42dd4a8a44fa62.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 The Role of Childhood Abuse and Social Health on Bullying among Prisoners The Role of Childhood Abuse and Social Health on Bullying among Prisoners 83 104 29508 10.22108/jas.2025.144837.2625 FA Mahnaz Farahmand Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Hanieh Tayebi Master of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 05 Bullying is a relatively common phenomenon among prisoners with both short-term and long-term negative consequences for the bully and the victim. It often manifests as a strategy to gain power and control over others. A significant factor influencing the development of aggressive and bullying behaviors is childhood abuse, which encompasses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence. These experiences can adversely affect an individual's social health. Social health refers to a person's ability to establish positive and constructive relationships and feel a sense of belonging within society. Enhancing social health can help mitigate bullying behaviors. Research indicates that prisoners with adverse childhood experiences frequently struggle with communication and social belonging, leading them to engage in antisocial behaviors and bullying (Lemon, 2020). In this context, the present study sought to address the following key questions: What is the prevalence of bullying behavior among prisoners who commit violent offenses? What role do childhood abuse and prisoners' overall health play in the development of bullying behaviors? Answering these questions can provide deeper insights into the causes of violent behaviors and bullying in prisons, ultimately paving the way for practical solutions to reduce these issues. Materials & Methods The research strategy employed in this study was a survey. The statistical population consisted of male and female prisoners in the central prisons of Yazd and Shiraz. Given the limited number of prisoners in these facilities, a total of 350 individuals were surveyed based on specific criteria: having a criminal record, a history of childhood abuse, and willingness to participate. Data were collected using the Keyes Social Health Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Olus Bullying Questionnaire. The distribution of the questionnaires was conducted in collaboration with prison officials, ensuring that ethical considerations were met by establishing trust and obtaining the full consent of the respondents. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation, and path analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the phenomenon of bullying among prisoners in Shiraz and Yazd, analyzing the impact of childhood abuse and social health on this behavior. The findings revealed that 46.5% of prisoners reported moderate to high levels of bullying, while 53.3% reported low levels. The most common forms of bullying included the use of sexual epithets and gestures, as well as inciting hatred towards victims. Additionally, a significant proportion of prisoners in Shiraz and Yazd reported experiencing childhood trauma, with 79% indicating they had faced at least one instance of trauma and 45% having endured multiple incidents. Furthermore, 0.48% reported experiencing sexual assault, either once or more than once. The results confirmed that prisoners exhibiting higher levels of bullying behavior were more likely to have experienced childhood abuse and possess lower social health. Sociological theories, including Turner’s theory of violence, Tajfel’s social identity theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory, helped explain this relationship. They emphasized that early life experiences significantly influenced an individual's social interactions and future violent behaviors. Additionally, the theories proposed by Putnam and Agnew highlighted the role of social stimuli and psychological pressures in the development of bullying behavior. Ultimately, this research underscored the necessity of implementing social and educational interventions to mitigate violent behavior in prisons. Providing social support and psychological counseling can effectively address the consequences of childhood abuse and help control bullying within these environments. Bullying is a relatively common phenomenon among prisoners with both short-term and long-term negative consequences for the bully and the victim. It often manifests as a strategy to gain power and control over others. A significant factor influencing the development of aggressive and bullying behaviors is childhood abuse, which encompasses physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and exposure to domestic violence. These experiences can adversely affect an individual's social health. Social health refers to a person's ability to establish positive and constructive relationships and feel a sense of belonging within society. Enhancing social health can help mitigate bullying behaviors. Research indicates that prisoners with adverse childhood experiences frequently struggle with communication and social belonging, leading them to engage in antisocial behaviors and bullying (Lemon, 2020). In this context, the present study sought to address the following key questions: What is the prevalence of bullying behavior among prisoners who commit violent offenses? What role do childhood abuse and prisoners' overall health play in the development of bullying behaviors? Answering these questions can provide deeper insights into the causes of violent behaviors and bullying in prisons, ultimately paving the way for practical solutions to reduce these issues. Materials & Methods The research strategy employed in this study was a survey. The statistical population consisted of male and female prisoners in the central prisons of Yazd and Shiraz. Given the limited number of prisoners in these facilities, a total of 350 individuals were surveyed based on specific criteria: having a criminal record, a history of childhood abuse, and willingness to participate. Data were collected using the Keyes Social Health Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, and the Olus Bullying Questionnaire. The distribution of the questionnaires was conducted in collaboration with prison officials, ensuring that ethical considerations were met by establishing trust and obtaining the full consent of the respondents. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistical methods, Pearson correlation, and path analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the phenomenon of bullying among prisoners in Shiraz and Yazd, analyzing the impact of childhood abuse and social health on this behavior. The findings revealed that 46.5% of prisoners reported moderate to high levels of bullying, while 53.3% reported low levels. The most common forms of bullying included the use of sexual epithets and gestures, as well as inciting hatred towards victims. Additionally, a significant proportion of prisoners in Shiraz and Yazd reported experiencing childhood trauma, with 79% indicating they had faced at least one instance of trauma and 45% having endured multiple incidents. Furthermore, 0.48% reported experiencing sexual assault, either once or more than once. The results confirmed that prisoners exhibiting higher levels of bullying behavior were more likely to have experienced childhood abuse and possess lower social health. Sociological theories, including Turner’s theory of violence, Tajfel’s social identity theory, and Bandura’s social learning theory, helped explain this relationship. They emphasized that early life experiences significantly influenced an individual's social interactions and future violent behaviors. Additionally, the theories proposed by Putnam and Agnew highlighted the role of social stimuli and psychological pressures in the development of bullying behavior. Ultimately, this research underscored the necessity of implementing social and educational interventions to mitigate violent behavior in prisons. Providing social support and psychological counseling can effectively address the consequences of childhood abuse and help control bullying within these environments.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29508_5a6ed6a36d8984bb9aac6094f88e56d3.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 Exploring Scientific Outputs about Globalization: A Conceptual Framework Study Exploring Scientific Outputs about Globalization: A Conceptual Framework Study 105 126 29515 10.22108/jas.2025.144379.2609 FA Saleh Rahimi Associate professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Faramarz Soheili Associate professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 16 Introduction Bibliometric analysis is widely acknowledged as a robust and systematic approach for examining extensive scholarly literature. It serves as a vital tool for mapping the landscape of contemporary research across various academic fields. The increase in bibliometric studies over the past decade highlights their growing importance in evaluating the evolution and impact of scientific inquiry. Among these methods, co-word analysis emerges as a powerful technique for uncovering conceptual connections between ideas and themes within a discipline. By analyzing term co-occurrences, this approach revealed underlying thematic clusters, prevailing trends, and evolving patterns over time, providing a dynamic perspective for interpreting the intellectual structure of a research domain. Materials & Methods This study utilized bibliometric analysis to examine scholarly literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The data were extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) database using the keywords “globalization” or “globalisation”. Plain text files obtained from the ISC database were imported into BibExcel. Employing natural language processing techniques within this software, key terms (nouns or noun phrases) were extracted. A frequency threshold of 4 was established, meaning a term had to appear at least 4 times in the sample to be included in the bibliometric map. This threshold is recommended to effectively eliminate irrelevant terms. Following several processing steps, a symmetric matrix was created and converted into a correlation matrix. This matrix was then imported into VOSviewer, which assessed the strength of relationships between the remaining terms that met the threshold. The extracted data spanned 25 years (1999–2023) and included 1,281 documents containing 4,502 author keywords. After standardization, 2,169 unique keywords remained. By applying the threshold, a 162×162 matrix was generated with diagonal cell values set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The terms “globalization”, “Iran”, and “cultural globalization” ranked first to third with frequencies of 703, 54, and 45, respectively. The keyword “globalization” with 703 occurrences emerged as the central concept within the research domain. Cluster analysis in VOSviewer identified 11 clusters related to globalization concepts: Globalization and economy Geopolitics of globalization Glocalization Globalization and anti-globalization Globalization and transnationalization Cultural globalization Globalization of education Globalization and national security Globalization and identity Globalization and geoculture Globalization and urban environment Using UCINet, centrality and density scores were calculated for each cluster, resulting in a strategic diagram. The origin of the diagram was set at the mean centrality (7.14) and density (0.541). Notably, Cluster 7 (globalization of education) exhibited the highest centrality (18.857) and density (1.451), indicating strong internal and external conceptual linkages. First Quadrant (High Density/Centrality): Clusters 6 (cultural globalization) and 7 (globalization of education) represented core themes characterized by high cohesion and centrality, demonstrating extensive interconnections with other aspects of globalization. Second Quadrant (High Density, Lower Centrality): Clusters 9 (globalization and identity) and 10 (globalization and geoculture) were specialized subfields that exhibited cohesion but had limited influence on broader research trends. Third Quadrant (Low Density/Centrality): Clusters 2 (geopolitics), 3 (glocalization), 4 (anti-globalization), 5 (transnationalization), 8 (national security), and 11 (urban environment) consisted of emerging or declining topics with underdeveloped connections. Fourth Quadrant (Low Density, High Potential): Cluster 1 (globalization and economy) showed low centrality but high potential for future growth, reflecting globalization impact on national and international economies through concepts like economic growth and the KOF Globalization Index. This study underscored globalization as an interdisciplinary topic that spans foundational concepts and specialized applications. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the emerging areas identified in the third quadrant: geopolitics of globalization, glocalization, anti-globalization, transnationalization, national security, and urban environment. Although currently underdeveloped, these themes hold significant potential for shaping future scholarly discourse. Introduction Bibliometric analysis is widely acknowledged as a robust and systematic approach for examining extensive scholarly literature. It serves as a vital tool for mapping the landscape of contemporary research across various academic fields. The increase in bibliometric studies over the past decade highlights their growing importance in evaluating the evolution and impact of scientific inquiry. Among these methods, co-word analysis emerges as a powerful technique for uncovering conceptual connections between ideas and themes within a discipline. By analyzing term co-occurrences, this approach revealed underlying thematic clusters, prevailing trends, and evolving patterns over time, providing a dynamic perspective for interpreting the intellectual structure of a research domain. Materials & Methods This study utilized bibliometric analysis to examine scholarly literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The data were extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) database using the keywords “globalization” or “globalisation”. Plain text files obtained from the ISC database were imported into BibExcel. Employing natural language processing techniques within this software, key terms (nouns or noun phrases) were extracted. A frequency threshold of 4 was established, meaning a term had to appear at least 4 times in the sample to be included in the bibliometric map. This threshold is recommended to effectively eliminate irrelevant terms. Following several processing steps, a symmetric matrix was created and converted into a correlation matrix. This matrix was then imported into VOSviewer, which assessed the strength of relationships between the remaining terms that met the threshold. The extracted data spanned 25 years (1999–2023) and included 1,281 documents containing 4,502 author keywords. After standardization, 2,169 unique keywords remained. By applying the threshold, a 162×162 matrix was generated with diagonal cell values set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The terms “globalization”, “Iran”, and “cultural globalization” ranked first to third with frequencies of 703, 54, and 45, respectively. The keyword “globalization” with 703 occurrences emerged as the central concept within the research domain. Cluster analysis in VOSviewer identified 11 clusters related to globalization concepts: Globalization and economy Geopolitics of globalization Glocalization Globalization and anti-globalization Globalization and transnationalization Cultural globalization Globalization of education Globalization and national security Globalization and identity Globalization and geoculture Globalization and urban environment Using UCINet, centrality and density scores were calculated for each cluster, resulting in a strategic diagram. The origin of the diagram was set at the mean centrality (7.14) and density (0.541). Notably, Cluster 7 (globalization of education) exhibited the highest centrality (18.857) and density (1.451), indicating strong internal and external conceptual linkages. First Quadrant (High Density/Centrality): Clusters 6 (cultural globalization) and 7 (globalization of education) represented core themes characterized by high cohesion and centrality, demonstrating extensive interconnections with other aspects of globalization. Second Quadrant (High Density, Lower Centrality): Clusters 9 (globalization and identity) and 10 (globalization and geoculture) were specialized subfields that exhibited cohesion but had limited influence on broader research trends. Third Quadrant (Low Density/Centrality): Clusters 2 (geopolitics), 3 (glocalization), 4 (anti-globalization), 5 (transnationalization), 8 (national security), and 11 (urban environment) consisted of emerging or declining topics with underdeveloped connections. Fourth Quadrant (Low Density, High Potential): Cluster 1 (globalization and economy) showed low centrality but high potential for future growth, reflecting globalization impact on national and international economies through concepts like economic growth and the KOF Globalization Index. This study underscored globalization as an interdisciplinary topic that spans foundational concepts and specialized applications. Researchers are encouraged to investigate the emerging areas identified in the third quadrant: geopolitics of globalization, glocalization, anti-globalization, transnationalization, national security, and urban environment. Although currently underdeveloped, these themes hold significant potential for shaping future scholarly discourse.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29515_fc65d87635d35e68623032c5b57dd870.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 36 3 2025 09 23 A Participatory Governance Model for Comprehensive Conservation of Historical Buildings and Urban Fabric: A Grounded Theory Approach A Participatory Governance Model for Comprehensive Conservation of Historical Buildings and Urban Fabric: A Grounded Theory Approach 127 166 29471 10.22108/jas.2025.143719.2590 FA Somayyeh Ghadimzadeh Assistant professor, Department of Restoration of Historical Monuments, Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planning, and Art, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran Elnaz Abizadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Technical and Vocational University (TVU), Tehran, Iran Mahdiyeh Rahnemay Toori Master of Architecture, Cultural and Public Relations Specialist, Tabriz Municipality, Region 6, Tabriz, Iran 0009-0001-8806-8362 Journal Article 2024 12 20 Introduction The comprehensive and sustainable conservation of historical buildings and urban environments requires active community engagement, recognizing the intrinsic connection between cultural heritage and its socio-cultural contexts. However, participatory approaches have yet to find a definitive role in shaping conservation policies in Iran. The inefficacy of many conservation plans can be attributed to centralized, top-down methods that overlook the importance of involving people as key stakeholders. Furthermore, the comprehensive conservation approach, which takes into account both physical and semantic dimensions, has been largely neglected in existing policies. The aim of this research was to develop a participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of historical buildings and sites, emphasizing stakeholder participation. This study employed the grounded theory method and conducted in-depth interviews with cultural heritage experts and managers to identify the dimensions, components, and effective mechanisms for establishing a participatory governance system in the conservation of historical buildings and urban fabric. Materials & Methods Data for this study were collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview tool. Analysis, based on a grounded theory approach, led to presentation of the model as having 26 main categories. Participants included experts, urban managers, and faculty members with prior collaboration experience with heritage organizations and municipalities selected through purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Saturation occurred after 24 interviews with two additional interviews conducted to ensure data adequacy. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the grounded theory method following Strauss and Corbin's (1990) approach, which involved 3 coding stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding phase, interviews were transcribed and thoroughly reviewed, resulting in 790 initial codes. During the axial coding phase, similar and related codes were compared, merged, and organized into 124 subcategories. In the selective coding phase, these subcategories were integrated to form 26 main categories, which were then structured into 5 sections within the paradigm model: causal conditions (4 categories), contextual conditions (5 categories), intervening conditions (5 categories), strategies (7 categories), and consequences (5 categories). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed a multifaceted governance framework that effectively addressed the complex challenges of cultural heritage conservation. The causal conditions emphasized the diverse nature of cultural heritage and its intrinsic identity values, underscoring the necessity for active participation from social actors. Contextual conditions could be categorized into 5 areas: institutional and managerial frameworks, social dynamics, socio-economic and developmental challenges, cultural and identity contexts, and capacities for sustainable economic and tourism development of cultural heritage. Intervening conditions encompassed conflicts between tradition and modernity, facilitators and inhibitors within legal frameworks, social participation and public awareness, stakeholder conflicts of interest, and barriers to trust-building. The proposed participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of cultural heritage was structured around 7 strategic axes: knowledge-driven management and comprehensive studies; empowerment of local communities and enhancement of participatory engagement; education and awareness-raising; integrated specialized-participatory management; sustainable conservation, revitalization, and utilization; institutional synergy; and promotion of transparency and institutional-social trust. The social consequences of this model included strengthening of social capital, increased civic participation, enhancement of local identity and sense of place, and improved interactions between governance and communities. Overall, the findings indicated that a participatory approach to cultural heritage conservation not only achieved conservation goals, but also fostered positive socio-economic outcomes that reinforced one another in a synergistic cycle. The final model of participatory governance in the conservation of historic buildings and contexts employed a systemic and integrated approach, emphasizing simultaneous attention to technical, social, economic, and managerial dimensions. Implementing this model can facilitate processes related to the conservation, restoration, and revitalization of historical-cultural assets, while developing cooperative patterns to address issues related to cultural heritage in the country. By enhancing the effectiveness of conservation measures, this model promotes comprehensive cultural heritage conservation, sustainable tourism development, local economic prosperity, and a balance between preserving cultural heritage and meeting contemporary needs. Introduction The comprehensive and sustainable conservation of historical buildings and urban environments requires active community engagement, recognizing the intrinsic connection between cultural heritage and its socio-cultural contexts. However, participatory approaches have yet to find a definitive role in shaping conservation policies in Iran. The inefficacy of many conservation plans can be attributed to centralized, top-down methods that overlook the importance of involving people as key stakeholders. Furthermore, the comprehensive conservation approach, which takes into account both physical and semantic dimensions, has been largely neglected in existing policies. The aim of this research was to develop a participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of historical buildings and sites, emphasizing stakeholder participation. This study employed the grounded theory method and conducted in-depth interviews with cultural heritage experts and managers to identify the dimensions, components, and effective mechanisms for establishing a participatory governance system in the conservation of historical buildings and urban fabric. Materials & Methods Data for this study were collected using a semi-structured in-depth interview tool. Analysis, based on a grounded theory approach, led to presentation of the model as having 26 main categories. Participants included experts, urban managers, and faculty members with prior collaboration experience with heritage organizations and municipalities selected through purposive sampling. Interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Saturation occurred after 24 interviews with two additional interviews conducted to ensure data adequacy. The collected qualitative data were analyzed using the grounded theory method following Strauss and Corbin's (1990) approach, which involved 3 coding stages: open, axial, and selective coding. In the open coding phase, interviews were transcribed and thoroughly reviewed, resulting in 790 initial codes. During the axial coding phase, similar and related codes were compared, merged, and organized into 124 subcategories. In the selective coding phase, these subcategories were integrated to form 26 main categories, which were then structured into 5 sections within the paradigm model: causal conditions (4 categories), contextual conditions (5 categories), intervening conditions (5 categories), strategies (7 categories), and consequences (5 categories). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed a multifaceted governance framework that effectively addressed the complex challenges of cultural heritage conservation. The causal conditions emphasized the diverse nature of cultural heritage and its intrinsic identity values, underscoring the necessity for active participation from social actors. Contextual conditions could be categorized into 5 areas: institutional and managerial frameworks, social dynamics, socio-economic and developmental challenges, cultural and identity contexts, and capacities for sustainable economic and tourism development of cultural heritage. Intervening conditions encompassed conflicts between tradition and modernity, facilitators and inhibitors within legal frameworks, social participation and public awareness, stakeholder conflicts of interest, and barriers to trust-building. The proposed participatory governance model for the comprehensive conservation of cultural heritage was structured around 7 strategic axes: knowledge-driven management and comprehensive studies; empowerment of local communities and enhancement of participatory engagement; education and awareness-raising; integrated specialized-participatory management; sustainable conservation, revitalization, and utilization; institutional synergy; and promotion of transparency and institutional-social trust. The social consequences of this model included strengthening of social capital, increased civic participation, enhancement of local identity and sense of place, and improved interactions between governance and communities. Overall, the findings indicated that a participatory approach to cultural heritage conservation not only achieved conservation goals, but also fostered positive socio-economic outcomes that reinforced one another in a synergistic cycle. The final model of participatory governance in the conservation of historic buildings and contexts employed a systemic and integrated approach, emphasizing simultaneous attention to technical, social, economic, and managerial dimensions. Implementing this model can facilitate processes related to the conservation, restoration, and revitalization of historical-cultural assets, while developing cooperative patterns to address issues related to cultural heritage in the country. By enhancing the effectiveness of conservation measures, this model promotes comprehensive cultural heritage conservation, sustainable tourism development, local economic prosperity, and a balance between preserving cultural heritage and meeting contemporary needs.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29471_41b6f9593716973d8684faabf1340c77.pdf