دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 Fluid Gender Performance: Understanding of Girlhood by Adolescent Girls برساخت سیال جنسیت: واکاوی مفهوم دخترانگی نزد دختران نوجوان 1 24 29683 10.22108/jas.2025.145274.2644 FA فاطمه عادل خواه کارشناس ارشد، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران حسین افراسیابی استاد، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2025 05 17 Introduction This study explored the concept of girlhood as a socially constructed and dynamic experience shaped by the interplay of cultural, socioeconomic, and racial factors rather than by biological determinism. Within the framework of gender studies, girlhood is understood as a fluid and multifaceted identity influenced by both individual agency and sociocultural context. Focusing on adolescent girls in Yazd, Iran, this research investigated how young women conceptualize, perform, and renegotiate their identities in the midst of evolving traditional norms and modern influences. In recent years, Yazd has undergone significant sociocultural transformations—including urbanization, increased tourism, and influx of global youth culture—that have complicated identity formation for adolescent girls. Drawing on qualitative data, this study revealed that girlhood is a contested space where conventional gender roles are both internalized and challenged. Materials & Methods This qualitative research adopted a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz, 2006) and was conducted between 2023 and 2024. Data collection included 25 semi-structured interviews with adolescent girls aged 16 to 22 years and supplemented by a focus group with eight 16-year-old participants. Purposive and theoretical sampling methods were employed to ensure diverse representation of socioeconomic backgrounds from various neighborhoods in Yazd. Data analysis followed a 3-phase coding process: initial, axial, and theoretical coding. To uphold research rigor and trustworthiness, ethical considerations—such as informed consent, confidentiality, and data security—were meticulously adhered to. Additionally, credibility was bolstered through member checking, peer debriefing, and methodological triangulation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis resulted in the identification of 6 major categories that illuminated the complexities of girlhood in the contemporary context of Yazd: Fluid Subjectivity: Girlhood was experienced as a dynamic and embodied identity shaped by emotional and physical transformations. Participants redefined femininity through heightened body awareness, self-expression, and gender fluidity, challenging rigid binary norms. Traditional Discourses and Reproduction of Gender Norms: Familial and societal expectations reinforced hegemonic femininity, emphasizing obedience and domesticity, which often restricted autonomy and perpetuated gender inequalities. Dynamics of Modern Life: Engagement with modern spaces—such as universities, cafés, workplaces, and digital platforms—created opportunities for individual expression and identity experimentation, while also introducing new pressures, including ideals based on appearance and the need for social validation. Structural and Cultural Challenges: Legal restrictions, parental control, and public surveillance, including harassment, continued to impact the lived experiences of girls, reinforcing patriarchal control and limiting personal freedom. Fragmented Lived Experience: As girls navigated the tension between traditional and modern expectations, they often adopted multiple and sometimes contradictory roles across different social contexts. This multiplicity not only fostered adaptability and creative self-representation, but also generated psychological tension and identity fragmentation. Gendered Subjectivity and Agency: Despite facing constraints, adolescent girls actively engaged in negotiation, resistance, and redefinition of norms, creating alternative spaces for self-expression and asserting their gendered agency. The core category—Fluid Gender Performance—captured the central process, through which girls in Yazd navigated the tensions between traditional expectations and modern values. Rather than conforming to a fixed notion of femininity, participants actively constructed context-dependent identities by performing multiple expressions of femininity. This study revealed that girlhood emerged as a dynamic, negotiated, and often contradictory experience—one that was simultaneously constrained by structural and cultural forces and enriched by moments of agency, creativity, and transformation. Positioned at the intersection of tradition and modernity, adolescent girls in Yazd actively engaged in the re-articulation of gender roles and identities. This research offered a nuanced understanding of girlhood as a fluid, performative, and contested category shaped by ongoing sociocultural negotiations. The findings contribute to broader discussions in gender studies by highlighting how localized experiences of girlhood reflect global currents of gender fluidity, resistance, and identity reconstruction. دخترانگی به‌عنوان برساختی اجتماعی متأثر از تغییرات اجتماعی و فرهنگی دگرگون شده است. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی مفهوم دخترانگی در میان نوجوانان انجام شده است. این مطالعه با رویکرد کیفی و روش داده‌بنیاد برساختی در سال‌های ۱۴۰۲ تا ۱۴۰۳ انجام شده است. داده‌ها ازطریق مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با ۲۵ دختر نوجوان ۱۶ تا ۲۲ساله و یک گروه متمرکز شامل ۸ دختر ۱۶ساله در شهر یزد گردآوری شده‌اند. تحلیل داده‌ها با روش چارمز و در سه مرحله کدگذاری اولیه، محوری و نظری صورت گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که مقولات اصلی شامل «سوژگی سیال»، «گفتمان سنت و بازتولید جنسیت»، «پویایی‌های مدرنیته»، «چالش‌های ساختاری و فرهنگی»، «زیست چندپاره»، «کنشگری جنسیتی»، و «زمان‌مندی و مکان‌مندی جنسیتی» هستند. مقولۀ مرکزی پژوهش، «ایفای سیال جنسیت» است که بر پویایی و بازتعریف دخترانگی در بسترهای فرهنگی و اجتماعی تأکید دارد؛ درنهایت، مدل نظری‌ای برای تبیین دخترانگی به‌عنوان مفهومی درحال تحول ارائه شد.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29683_c125b26f2d4fec454f50e88c5d11ab48.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 The Relationship between Experience of Friendship before Marriage and Attitude towards Divorce: A Study of Married Women in Tehran رابطه تجربۀ دوستی قبل از ازدواج با نگرش به طلاق: مطالعه‌ زنان متأهل شهر تهران 25 48 29524 10.22108/jas.2025.143798.2595 FA مرجان رشوند سرخکوله استادیار، گروه جمعیت‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران فاطمه وجدانی دانشیار، گروه معارف اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و ادیان، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2025 01 01 Introduction The increasing instability of family structures is a significant societal concern that warrants thorough investigation. One aspect worth exploring is how individuals navigated their singlehood in the past and how these experiences influence marriage and cohabitation. This research aimed to examine the relationships among various factors, including friendship experiences, emotional attachment, desire for diversity, mistrust, and attitude toward divorce among married women. Materials & Methods This research utilized a cross-sectional survey design with a descriptive-correlational approach. The statistical population consisted of married women aged 20 to 39 years residing in the 3rd, 13th, and 16th districts of Tehran. The sample size was determined to be 383 participants using Cochran's formula. A combination of multi-stage and simple random sampling methods was employed. In this study, the independent variables included friendship experience, emotional attachment, distrust, desire for diversity, age, employment status, and education level. The dependent variable was attitude toward divorce. The Pearson correlation coefficient was applied to examine the bivariate relationships between the dependent variable (a pseudo-interval measure of attitude toward divorce) and the independent variables (which were on interval and pseudo-interval scales and included emotional attachment, distrust, desire for diversity, age, and education). To assess the bivariate relationships between the dependent variable and the nominal variables of employment status and friendship experience (which were on a two-choice scale), a T-test for independent samples was conducted. Additionally, multivariate linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results indicated that friendship experience, emotional attachment, desire for diversity, distrust, and employment status significantly influenced positive attitude toward divorce. Notably, a significant negative relationship was found between emotional attachment and attitude toward divorce, suggesting that as emotional attachment decreased, attitude toward divorce among married women became more positive. Additionally, the research revealed that higher levels of distrust towards spouses correlated with more favorable attitude toward divorce. Another significant finding was the relationship between an increased desire for diversity and positive attitude toward divorce among women. Overall, issues related to sexuality and intimacy played a crucial role in dissatisfaction between couples and contributed to instability in their relationships, with sexual diversity being a key factor. Moreover, the study found a significant difference in average attitude toward divorce between individuals who had friendship experiences with the opposite sex and those who did not. Specifically, those with such friendships exhibited higher average scores for attitude toward divorce. To further explore this finding, the research examined the impact of "friendship experience" on emotional attachment, distrust, and desire for diversity. The analysis revealed that friendship experience significantly affected emotional attachment, distrust, and desire for diversity. Consequently, it could be concluded that individuals with friendship experiences tended to have lower emotional attachment, greater distrust, and a higher desire for diversity. Therefore, having friendship experience significantly influenced positive attitude toward divorce, both directly and indirectly, through its effects on the other three variables. Regarding contextual factors, no statistically significant relationship was observed between age or education and attitude toward divorce. However, a notable difference was found between the average attitude of employed and unemployed individuals; specifically, employed women exhibited a more positive attitude toward divorce compared to their unemployed counterparts. While women's employment could contribute to family stability and economic growth, it could also pose risks to the family foundation if not approached with care. It is crucial to provide essential training for young couples during marriage preparation to help men learn effective ways to attract and support their wives. Given the increasing employment and financial independence of many women today, meeting their economic needs alone is no longer sufficient to ensure their commitment to family life. Additionally, women should appreciate the emotional aspects of relationships. Human needs extend beyond mere economic support; the need for intimacy and affection becomes increasingly vital over time. This study found that women with a friendship experience, lower emotional attachment, higher distrust, and a desire for diversity combined with employment status tended to have the most positive attitude toward divorce. This finding enhances our understanding of the long-term consequences of friendships and relationships prior to marriage. It offers valuable insights for cultural and educational institutions aimed at raising awareness among adolescents and young people, particularly in modifying their interaction patterns with the opposite sex. Many young girls in open relationships tend to focus on short-term benefits (such as fulfilling immediate needs) and may be unaware of the potential long-term consequences due to their lack of experience. An effective approach can involve sharing the lived experiences of individuals, who have faced negative long-term outcomes from open relationships. Additionally, this study highlighted the deeper dimensions of incompatibility and divorce, underscoring the need for accessible counseling services for couples whose marriages may be at risk due to previous unfavorable experiences. To mitigate the risk of divorce, couples considering marriage should first develop a greater awareness of how each other's past experiences may impact their future together, enabling them to make informed decisions about selecting a life partner. If they are committed to marriage, proactive measures should be implemented to address and reduce these negative effects, thereby decreasing the likelihood of divorce in the future. روند صعودی بی‌ثباتی و ناپایداری نهاد خانواده، یکی از مسائل مهم جامعه است و نیاز به بررسی دارد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش، بررسی رابطۀ میان متغیرهای تجربۀ دوستی، تعلق عاطفی، تمایل به تنوع‌طلبی، بی‌اعتمادی با نگرش به طلاق در میان زنان متأهل است. تحقیق حاضر یک پیمایش مقطعی بوده و دارای ماهیت توصیفی-همبستگی است. جامعۀ آماری شامل زنان متأهل 39-20ساله ساکن شهر تهران در مناطق سه، سیزده و شانزده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 383 نفر برآورد شد. شیوۀ نمونه‌گیری ترکیبی از روش‌های طبقه‌بندی چندمرحله‌ای و تصادفی ساده بود.نتایج یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد که متغیرهای تجربۀ دوستی، تعلق عاطفی، تمایل به تنوع‌طلبی، بی‌اعتمادی و وضعیت اشتغال به ترتیب بیش‌ترین تأثیر را بر نگرش مثبت به طلاق داشته‌اند. متغیر تعلق عاطفی تأثیر منفی و متغیرهای تمایل به تنوع‌طلبی، بی‌اعتمادی و وضعیت اشتغال تأثیر مستقیم بر نگرش مثبت به طلاق داشتند؛ اما متغیر تجربۀ دوستی علاوه‌بر تأثیر مستقیمی که بر نگرش مثبت به طلاق دارد، ازطریق غیرمستقیم و ازطریق تأثیر بر متغیرهای تعلق عاطفی، بی‌اعتمادی و تمایل به تنوع‌طلبی در نگرش مثبت به طلاق بسیار اثرگذار است. این یافته، از سویی سرنخ‌هایی برای نهادهای فرهنگی-‌تربیتی در ارتباط با آگاهی‌بخشیدن به نوجوانان و جوانان_ و اصلاح الگوهای تعاملی با جنس مخالف_ فراهم می‌کند و از سوی دیگر، تأمین خدمات مشاوره‌ای را برای زوجینی تأکید می‌کند که به دلیل سوابق نامناسب قبلی، زندگی مشترک آن‌ها در معرض خطر است.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29524_3492884c164d0d289ebd816a2398ee2d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 Comparative-Qualitative Analysis of the Determinants of Corruption at the Macro Level تحلیل تطبیقی- کیفی تعیین‌کننده‌های فساد در سطح کلان 49 82 29642 10.22108/jas.2025.141517.2507 FA رسول عباسی تقی دیزج دانشیار جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران مهدی مالمیر استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2024 05 23 Introduction Being defined as the "abuse of public office and position for personal gain", corruption is a complex and multifaceted issue that affects both developed and developing countries alike. No region is immune to this pervasive phenomenon. While virtually every nation grapples with various forms of corruption to differing degrees, it poses particularly significant challenges for developing countries. This social issue undermines societal values and norms, eroding trust in the institutions designed to govern human affairs. Despite the wealth of macro-level studies on corruption, there remains a notable lack of focus on identifying the underlying and unique causal factors, particularly through a qualitative, case-oriented lens. To address this gap, this study employed a case-oriented approach to explore the diverse causal pathways leading to corruption in developing nations as supported by empirical examples specific to each context. The theoretical framework of this research integrated macro-level conditions that influenced corruption control. Utilizing the Parsonsian model, this study viewed society as a system comprised of 4 fundamental subsystems: economy, politics, society, and culture. These subsystems interacted within a network that shaped the overall order of society and, consequently, the effectiveness of corruption control, which was influenced by the quality and frequency of these interactions. Furthermore, these subsystems existed within a suprasystemic environment that exerted external influences, imparting unique characteristics related to the emergence or mitigation of corruption. Materials & Methods This study employed a comparative-qualitative method alongside a fuzzy approach. The fuzzy approach allowed for the examination of necessary and sufficient conditions through subset testing and calculation of compatibility and coverage indices. According to the subset principle, a cause was deemed necessary if the values associated with the effect (Y) form a subset of the cause (X). Conversely, it was considered a sufficient cause when the set of the cause (X) was a subset of the effect (Y). To achieve this, each causal and consequent condition in this study was treated as a linguistic variable and transformed into fuzzy scores through a mapping or membership rule. Membership functions were calibrated using domain knowledge and expert opinions. This research focused on 136 developing countries, utilizing valid data spanning the period from 2005 to 2021. Data collection was based on the information from the Institute for the Quality of Governance (2022) at the University of Gothenburg and supplemented by the data from 4 additional statistical sources: the Bertelsmann Stiftung Change Index, Transparency International, Social Progress, and Globalization Institute (KOF). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions for individual causal factors indicated that inequality (specifically, a lack of equal opportunity), economic hardship, financial instability, violations of private property rights, and insufficient integration into the global system were likely sufficient conditions for corruption. Conversely, the absence of judicial independence, political stability, a robust party system, and social capital alone did not constitute a necessary or sufficient condition for corruption to occur. In examining conjunctive and compound causality, the most significant empirical pathway identified revealed that corruption arose in contexts marked by political tension and inequality, alongside the absence of judicial independence, welfare, social capital, a functioning party system, protection of private property, and global integration. Notably, the common thread among these causal pathways suggested that the lack of an independent judicial system and a strong party system combined with the presence of social capital created an environment conducive to corruption. Furthermore, social capital in the contexts characterized by systemic inefficiencies—such as a non-independent judiciary and ongoing political tensions—acted as a breeding ground for corruption. To simplify the various equations and combinations, the commonality across all pathways was identified. This analysis revealed that corruption tended to occur in countries lacking an independent judiciary or experiencing political conflict and tension; either of these conditions alone was sufficient for corruption to manifest. In contrast, the complementary findings for a set of clean and transparent countries suggested that these societies had largely achieved their success through three distinct pathways. Cultural and regional differences had influenced the development of these causal paths. For instance, in many Eastern European countries, a combination of reduced political tension, financial stability, equal opportunity, prosperity, social capital, a strong party system, protection of private property, and integration into the global system had contributed to their success in combating corruption. In certain Latin American countries, a combination of judicial independence, financial stability, equal opportunity, prosperity, social capital, a strong party system, protection of private property, and integration into the global system had contributed to greater transparency. Arab countries presented unique cases; despite facing significant challenges in political and social variables, they had managed to achieve some success in controlling corruption due to economic development and integration into the global system. The key features of this causal pathway included financial stability, prosperity, protection of private property, and global integration. Based on the findings, 3 categories of conditions related to corruption could be identified: conditions that fostered corruption, conditions that exacerbated it, and conditions that facilitated its control. Consequently, policies aimed at addressing corruption had to focus on these three aspects. When it comes to modifying the conditions that lead to corruption, promoting economic equality and financial stability is crucial. Regarding aggravating factors, lessons learned from various countries suggest that policies should prioritize the enhancement of a strong party system and greater integration into the global economy. However, it is essential to emphasize that combating corruption effectively requires an independent judicial system equipped with fair and efficient judicial processes. The authors of this article hope that the introduction of these causal pathways will be considered by policymakers and macro-level decision-makers in their efforts to address this disruptive social phenomenon. این مطالعه با اتخاذ رویکردی موردمحور، در صدد است به کشف مسیرهای علّی موجد فساد دست یابد. روش مطالعه تطبیقی- کیفی بوده و از منطق فازی بهره گرفته شد. در این پژوهش که برای ۱۳۶ کشور درحال‌توسعه انجام گرفت، از داده‌های معتبر در بازۀ زمانی ۲۰۰۵ تا ۲۰۲۱ استفاده شد. رابطۀ شروط نظری با نتیجه به‌صورت منفرد نشان داد که نابرابری، فقدان رفاه اقتصادی، بی‌ثباتی مالی، نقض حق مالکیت و عدم ادغام در نظام جهانی هرکدام به تنهایی شروط کافی وقوع فساد هستند. فقدان شروط استقلال قضایی، ثبات سیاسی، نظام جزبی و سرمایۀ اجتماعی به تنهایی نه شرط لازم و نه کافی وقوع نتیجه‌اند؛ اما مخرج مشترک مسیرهای علّی احصاشده نشانگر آن است که فساد در کشورهایی زیاد است که فاقد دستگاه قضایی مستقل بوده و درگیر تضاد و تنش‌های سیاسی هستند. نتایج مطالعه برای کشورهای درحال‌توسعه با فساد پایین نیز به‌طور معکوس صادق است. در این میان، کشورهای عربی موارد خاص هستند. این کشورها با اینکه وضعیت مطلوبی در متغیرهای سیاسی و اجتماعی ندارند، به دلیل توسعۀ اقتصادی و ورود به نظام جهانی، توانسته‌اند تا حدی در کنترل فساد موفق عمل کنند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29642_23224406807b1708bec0fac7db1849e0.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 Persistence of Regional Disparities in Female Child Marriage over the Past Two Decades تداوم تفاوت‌های منطقه‌ای در کودک‌همسری دختران طی دو دهه گذشته 83 102 29715 10.22108/jas.2025.142346.2543 FA میلاد بگی استادیار جمعیت‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران حاتم حسینی استاد جمعیت‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران مهدی علی محمدی کارشناسی ارشد جمعیت‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران Journal Article 2024 08 03 Introduction Child marriage is a widespread phenomenon globally though its prevalence varies significantly across different regions. According to UNICEF (2020), approximately 12 million girls are married before the age of 18 each year worldwide, with 37% of these girls residing in Africa. In Iran, statistics indicate that around 890,000 girls under 18 years were married between 2006 and mid-2015. Recent studies (Bagi, 2025; Torabi & Bagi, 2024) show an increase in the number of female child marriages in recent years. Iran is a multi-ethnic and multicultural society and this diversity significantly influences both the prevalence and patterns of child marriage, resulting in notable regional disparities. Therefore, examining the spread of this issue across different regions is of paramount importance (Salahshour & Habibpour, 2021: 34). Most studies conducted in Iran have primarily focused on the causes or consequences of child marriage at the individual level or have utilized small-scale case studies using qualitative methods. However, few studies have addressed the ethnic and cultural differences across regions. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate and compare the prevalence and determinants of child marriage in Iranian counties across 3 national censuses—2006, 2011, and 2016. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative research approach, utilizing secondary data analysis to examine census data collected by the Statistical Center of Iran. The statistical population encompassed all counties in Iran, which were analyzed across 3 time points. In 2006, Iran had 336 counties, which increased to 397 in 2011 and reached 429 by 2016. The unit of analysis for this research was county. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In 2006, the rate of child marriage among girls across the 336 counties of Iran ranged from 0% to 15.28%. The counties of Rashtkhar and Khalilabad in Razavi Khorasan Province, along with Farooj in North Khorasan Province, exhibited the highest prevalence rates at 15.28%, 15.16%, and 14.34%, respectively. Notably, Abu-Musa County in Hormozgan Province was the only county with no recorded cases of girls marrying before the age of 18. Following Abu-Musa, Paveh in Kermanshah Province and Abadeh in Fars Province reported the lowest rates at 0.472% and 0.539%, respectively. By 2011, the prevalence of child marriage among girls had increased, ranging from 0% to 29.05%. Khalilabad, Sarein, and Firouzeh in Razavi Khorasan and Ardabil provinces recorded the highest rates at 29.05%, 27.25%, and 25.14%, respectively. Notably, the number of counties reporting zero percent child marriage rose to 10 in 2011 compared to just one in 2006. In 2016, over 75% of Iranian counties reported child marriage rates below 10%. That year, the rates ranged from 0% to 35.11%, with Ijrud County in Zanjan Province having the highest rate at 35.11%. This was followed by Rashtkhar, Firouzeh, and Zaveh counties in Razavi Khorasan Province, which had rates of 30.88%, 30.27%, and 29.48%, respectively. Additionally, 22 counties reported zero cases of girls marrying under 18. The findings illustrated a geographical distribution of child marriage across Iranian counties, highlighting the concentration of high rates in specific areas, which underscored the influence of ethnicity. Certain ethnic groups, particularly in Turkish-speaking regions (northwest), Baloch areas (southeast), and Persian-speaking populations in Razavi Khorasan (northeast), consistently experienced higher rates throughout the study period. Analysis of the relationships between variables revealed that urbanization, internet penetration, and levels of development were significantly and negatively correlated with child marriage. As these factors increased in a county, the prevalence of female child marriage tended to decrease. According to the findings, raising public awareness through improved access to mass media played a crucial role in reducing child marriage. As families became more informed about the negative consequences of child marriage and moved away from traditional mindsets, they were more likely to prevent early marriages. Additional deterrents included urbanization and higher levels of development. When sufficient resources and opportunities were available for women to pursue their aspirations, child marriage became less prevalent. Consequently, regions that offered such conditions tended to experience lower rates of child marriage. Ultimately, most counties with high child marriage rates were less developed and had limited access to mass media. Enhancing conditions in these areas through greater access to educational and awareness-raising media coupled with broader development initiatives could significantly reduce child marriage. However, despite the impact of development, other factors—such as religion and ethnicity—should not be overlooked as they also play a critical role in shaping regional behavioral differences. کودک‌همسری دختران از چالش‌های مهم جامعۀ ایران است که روند آن طی سالیان اخیر باوجود تحولات فرهنگی و اجتماعی، با افزایشی نسبی همراه بوده است. هدف مقالۀ حاضر، بررسی شیوع کودک‌همسری دختران در شهرستان‌های ایران و تعیین‌کننده‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و جمعیت‌شناختی آن است. به این منظور داده‌های سرشماری‌های 1385، 1390 و 1395 با تکنیک تحلیل ثانویه بررسی شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که شهرستان‌های استان‌های آذربایجان شرقی و اردبیل در شمال‌غرب کشور و شهرستان‌های شرق کشور در استان‌های سیستان و بلوچستان، خراسان‌های رضوی، شمالی و جنوبی در هر سه سال مورد بررسی‌، بیشترین میزان شیوع کودک‌همسری را داشته‌اند. شهرستان‌های رشتخوار و خلیل‌آباد در خراسان رضوی در سال‌های 1385 و 1390 به‌ترتیب با 28/15درصد و 05/29درصد و شهرستان ایجرود در استان زنجان با 11/35درصد در سال 1395 بالاترین درصد کودک‌همسری را داشتند. درمقابل، شهرستان‌های واقع در استان‌های کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، تهران و ایلام همواره پایین‌ترین درصد را تجربه کرده‌اند. شهرنشینی، ضریب نفوذ اینترنت و توسعۀ اقتصادی‌ـ‌اجتماعی تأثیر منفی و معناداری بر کودک‌همسری داشتند. بسیاری از مناطق (نه همۀ آنها) با شیوع بالای کودک‌همسری، کمتربرخودار بودند و بنابراین، دولت‌ بایستی برنامه‌های توسعه‌ای و آگاهی‌بخشی توسط رسانه‌ها را در دستور کار قرار دهد.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29715_33de04719d223673dbe05429b6dd9305.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 From Well-being to Spirituality: A Qualitative Study of Mothers with Four or More Children in Tabas از شاد‌زیستی تا معنویت‌گرایی؛ مطالعه‌ای کیفی در میان مادران دارای چهار فرزند و بیشتر در شهر طبس 103 126 29730 10.22108/jas.2025.143632.2587 FA احمد کلاته ساداتی دانشیار جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران زینب صبوحی گلکار دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2024 12 11 Introduction In Iranian culture and religion, children have always held a prestigious status viewed as divine blessings and essential social assets. In ancient Iran, having more children symbolized greater power, economic strength, and military capability. The advent of Islam further amplified the religious emphasis on family and childbearing, solidifying their significance. However, over the past 50 years, Iran has undergone profound changes in family structure and childbearing patterns. The transition from extended to nuclear families, declining mortality rates, and a total fertility rate that has plummeted to 1.6 have introduced new demographic challenges. Population policies have varied widely, oscillating from stringent population control measures in previous decades to recent initiatives aimed at boosting birth rates, reflecting the complexity of the issue. The decline in childbearing in Iran is influenced not only by policy, but also by cultural and social factors, such as delayed marriage, economic hardships, and the impact of global culture. These influences have contributed to trends like single-child families and postponed childbearing, with projections indicating a future dominated by nuclear families without children. Despite this overarching trend, some families maintain a desire for multiple children and uphold alternative values and attitudes. These families shaped by diverse life experiences exhibit a stronger motivation to have more children. The research gap concerning the lives and experiences of young, multi-child families has prompted scholars to delve deeper into this topic, particularly in cities like Tabas. Materials & Methods This qualitative study aimed to investigate the reasons why certain families in Tabas choose to have more children. With a population of approximately 39,000, Tabas exemplifies a unique blend of tradition and modernity, where religious and cultural values continue to shape family life. The study focused on women with 4 or more children. They were selected through purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling methods. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews with primary questions addressing factors that enhanced the desire for larger families, experiences associated with raising multiple children, and the contrasts between families with many children and those with fewer. The interview data were analyzed through thematic analysis, a method that involved categorizing, identifying patterns, and interpreting the findings. This analysis was guided by various thematic analysis models and was conducted in 3 stages, encompassing 6 steps and 20 specific actions to reveal the underlying patterns in the experiences of these families. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This research investigated the motivations and reasons behind multi-child families in Tabas amid a societal trend of declining fertility. The focus was on families with 4 or more children, who still desired to expand their families. The key findings were organized into 5 main themes: "Family Well-being", "Traditional Habit", "Self-Sufficient Motherhood", "Child as Investment", and "Spiritual Beliefs". The results indicated that, despite facing challenges, multi-child families experienced high levels of "Family Well-being" characterized by positive and intimate interactions that enhanced their qualities of life. The theme of "Traditional Habit" encompassed specific behavioral patterns and systems that facilitated effective problem-solving and management of family affairs. The central role of mothers in "Self-Sufficient Motherhood" played a significant part in nurturing maternal instincts and enhancing caregiving skills, which positively impacted the health and development of children. The theme of "Child as Investment" reflected the belief that children were invaluable assets and sources of support throughout life. Lastly, "Spiritual Beliefs", which included religious convictions and a sense of social responsibility to increase the population, served as strong motivational factors for these families. These findings align with previous research on spiritual well-being, marital satisfaction, resilience, and religious tendencies, highlighting the crucial role of spiritual and social factors in family planning decisions. Furthermore, the study resonated with theories of fertility economics and social capital, viewing children as both economic and social assets that strengthened family cohesion and solidarity. Conversely, the findings challenged the modernization perspective on family dynamics as multi-child families often made decisions based on relational networks and collective beliefs rather than individual desires. These families embraced concepts, such as the blessings and grace of children, which contrasted with the secular dimensions of modernization. Given the economic and cultural challenges faced by multi-child families, it is recommended that policymakers and government agencies provide essential support in various areas, particularly housing and economic assistance. Additionally, addressing cultural needs and offering appropriate facilities can improve living conditions and enhance the welfare of these families. Such support not only benefits multi-child families, but also strengthens the social and cultural foundations of society. از فرزند با عنوان «نعمت الهی» در قرآن کریم یاد شده است؛ باوجوداین، ترکیبی از تقارن‌های سیاست‌گذارانه، فرهنگی- اجتماعی، پزشکی و اقتصادی به کاهش فرزندآوری در کشور ایران انجامیده است. در این شرایط، خانواده‌هایی هستند که همچنان و مبتنی‌بر زیست-عادت‌وارۀ سنتی-دینی، تمایل به چندفرزندی دارند. هدف تحقیق حاضر، کشف و واکاوی درک و تجربۀ چندفرزندی در میان مادران دارای چهار فرزند و بیشتر در شهر طبس است. مطالعه کیفی است و با 11 مشارکت‌کننده در سال 1403 به روش تحلیل مضمون انجام شد. تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که مشارکت‌کنندگان باوجود مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی و نگرانی‌های فرهنگی راجع به تربیت فرزند، اما همچنان چندفرزندی را به‌عنوان الگو و تجربۀ خانوادگی مثبت تفسیر می‌کنند. پنج مضمون برساخت‌شدۀ تحقیق عبارت‌اند از شادزیستی خانوادگی، عادت‌وارۀ سنتی، مادرانگی خودبنیاد، سرمایه‌انگاری فرزند و باورهای معنوی. مطابق یافته‌ها می‌توان گفت که تمایل به چندفرزندی و تجربۀ زیستۀ آن باوجود تنگناهای متعدد اقتصادی و فرهنگی، به‌عنوان زیست مثبت قلمداد شده که به بهزیستی خانوادگی مشارکت‌کنندگان انجامیده است. نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند برای سیاست‌گذاران فرهنگی و اجتماعی برای حمایت و تقویت ساختار خانواده‌های چندفرزندی مفید باشد و مبنایی برای تحقیقات آینده باشد. انجام مطالعات دیگر روی تجربۀ مشابه در مردان و همچنین بحث‌های نظری راجع به موضوع با رویکرد میان‌رشته‌ای پیشنهاد می‌شود.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29730_45b59a54d7f8eb620cfcb4271c69a86b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 36 4 2025 12 22 Increasingly Problematic Issue of Political Participation: A Case Study of the Twelfth Term Elections of the Islamic Consultative Assembly in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province مسئله‌مند‌شدن مشارکت سیاسی (مطالعه موردی: انتخابات دوازدهمین دوره مجلس شورای اسلامی استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد) 127 150 29646 10.22108/jas.2025.142951.2564 FA صادق پناهی نسب استادیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران صیاد خردمند دکترای جامعه‌شناسی، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران منصور طبیعی استادیار، گروه علوم‌اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم‌اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران 0000-0002-8409-1979 Journal Article 2024 10 06 Introduction Elections represent a collective will and serve as a vital link between participation and legitimacy. In complex societies where millions of citizens cannot engage directly in governance, the system of indirect or proxy representation has emerged as a suitable form of participation. Elections are the democratic mechanism for selecting representative institutions and form the foundation of legitimacy within democratic structures. In modern democracies, electoral participation is the most conventional and widespread form of political engagement among citizens, serving as one of the main pillars of democracy and circulation of power among its contenders and aspirants. In Iran, the origins of elections trace back to the Constitutional Revolution. While there have been periods when elections have become more theatrical than substantive, the underlying spirit of electoral participation has endured, reminding society that elections are a cornerstone of citizens' rights to shape their own destinies. A prominent example of this self-determination is the citizens' participation in electing their representatives to the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament), an event that occurs every four years. Since the onset of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, twelve parliamentary elections have taken place. This research asserted that the level of participation in the twelfth parliamentary election in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province had been notably problematic when compared to other provinces in the country. Materials & Methods This research employed a qualitative approach, utilizing grounded theory to analyze the conducted interviews. The study focused on Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, specifically examining the perspectives of the region's scientific and political elites. Following the researcher's engagement in the field, in-depth interviews were conducted with selected individuals until theoretical saturation was achieved. Theoretical saturation was reached after conducting 20 interviews. Two sampling methods—purposive sampling and theoretical sampling—were employed to select participants and concepts. The coding framework for this article was based on the coding processes outlined by Strauss and Corbin. This approach incorporated 3 types of coding: open, axial, and selective (focused). It also utilized situational and consequential matrices, aimed to identify a core category, and included specific coding for the causes, conditions, and contexts influencing the researcher's categories. A total of 20 individuals from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, and Tehran provinces were selected and interviewed. These participants held degrees in various fields, including History, Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy, Literature, and Economics. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Elections do not inherently cause tribalism and clan-based politics; rather, they serve as a platform for the activation and manifestation of tribal divisions. This phenomenon is not random; individuals weigh the costs and benefits throughout the process. In this context, a narrow perspective and the absence of a macro-level viewpoint among the elite hinder their ability to act in the collective interest. While individuals may present themselves as democratic and aligned with party frameworks, their underlying chauvinistic attitudes often prevent them from truly functioning as party members. Consequently, they tend to draw a clear distinction between national and local concerns, striving to adopt a national mindset at the macro level while approaching elections with varying perspectives at the micro and local levels. The power dynamics within tribal organizations consistently support and reinforce electoral participation. While lower classes may indirectly gain benefits from elections, it is the upper classes that enjoy more immediate advantages. Given the historical role of these elites in mobilizing the populace, they can still leverage their long-standing traditional influence to engage various groups in parliamentary elections, which often have local implications. In urban settings, where relationships are more regulated, systematic, and impersonal, it can be challenging to motivate individuals to participate after experiencing one or more cycles of disappointment with voting. However, as one moves from urban areas into tribal and clan regions, these traditional and non-critical functions become more pronounced. Individuals often overlook past negative experiences or lack sufficient awareness and knowledge, leading to dynamic participation in elections driven by regional considerations and necessities. هدف این پژوهش، واکاوی فهم مسئله‌مندی از مشارکت سیاسی در‌ انتخابات دوازدهمین دورۀ مجلس شورای اسلامی در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد بود. روش پژوهش حاضر کیفی است. گسترۀ نمونۀ پژوهش شامل کنشگران و فعالان سیاسی استان مذکور بود. درمجموع بیست نفر مصاحبه شدند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان‌دهندۀ آن است که تحزب و حزب‌گرایی به اشکال مختلف تضعیف شده و بر بنیاد قومیت، طایفه و بنکوگرایی مناسبات جدید دستیابی قدرت در دل ساختار انتخاباتی متولد می‌شود. در این بستر یا زمینه، منافع فردی به اشکال مختلف در منافع ایلی و جمعی گره می‌خورد و بازتولید می‌شود. در انتخابات اسفند 1402 باوجود سیر نزولی مشارکت انتخاباتی در سطح کشور، استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد شرایط متفاوتی را سپری کرد؛ این وضعیت ازحیث مختلف می‌تواند پرسش‌برانگیز باشد و ذهن هر پژوهشگر حوزۀ سیاسی و اجتماعی را به کنجکاوی بکشاند. راهبرد و استراتژی کنشگران ترکیبی از کنش‌های سنتی، فایده‌گرایانه، رفتار مبتنی‌بر نگرش ایلی، اعتقادات و متأثر از اندک فضای رقابتی دموکراتیک است. هیچ‌کدام از این کارویژه‌ها به تنهایی اثرگذار نیستند و همگی در کنار هم به‌وجودآورندۀ مشارکت انتخاباتی بودند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29646_8923f47548d1fbf14aebc3b47d010e02.pdf