دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 Explanation of Environmental Behaviors in Iranian Society: A Meta-Analysis of the Studies Published during 2005-2024 تبیین رفتارهای زیست‎‌محیطی در جامعه ایران (فراتحلیل مطالعات سال‌های 1384-1403) 1 22 29743 10.22108/jas.2025.144875.2627 FA سیداحمد میرمحمدتبار استادیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌انسانی، دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران زهرا خشنودی فر استادیار بخش تحقیقات اقتصادی اجتماعی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مرکزی، اراک، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 09 Introduction The current state of environmental behavior and performance in Iran is concerning. According to the 2024 assessment of environmental sustainability indicators, Iran ranks 113th out of 180 countries. This marks a decline from 133rd in 2023 and 105th in 2016. Over the past two decades, the environmental situation in Iran has deteriorated significantly, exhibiting consistently negative trends. In this study, we utilized meta-analysis to address the contradictions found in the existing research on environmental behavior, particularly in light of the increasing volume of scientific output in this field. Our aim was to synthesize previous findings and identify the key factors influencing environmental behavior. This approach will help prevent redundant research efforts and facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting environmental behavior in Iran. Materials & Methods This study employed a meta-analysis approach. The sampling frame included all studies published between 2005 and 2024 on the topic of "environmental behaviors" in reputable scientific journals indexed in the Magiran, Olom Ensani, and SID databases. The inclusion criteria for this analysis required that articles explicitly address environmental behaviors in their titles, fall within the specified time frame, utilize quantitative methods, and provide the necessary statistics for calculating effect sizes, such as correlation coefficients, sample sizes, and the direction of relationships. Initially, 152 articles related to this topic were identified. Following a review based on the relevance of the article content to environmental behaviors and the availability of data for effect size calculations, this number was refined to 54 articles for analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that environmental behaviors had primarily been examined through the lens of social sciences, particularly sociology. There was a significant emphasis on psychological and social variables, including environmental attitudes, awareness, knowledge, values, norms, and behavioral tendencies. Among these factors, the tendency toward pro-environmental behavior exhibited the largest effect size and was identified as the strongest predictor of environmental behavior in this meta-analysis. The results further highlighted that environmental behavior was a multifaceted phenomenon influenced simultaneously by attitudes, awareness, norms, and various social and cultural contexts. Theoretical analysis of these variables framed within established theories in the field of environmental behavior revealed that the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Value-Belief-Norm Theory had the greatest empirical capacity for explaining these behaviors. Additionally, the New Environmental Paradigm was gradually shaping attitudes and behavioral tendencies within Iranian society. A significant portion of this research focused on examining how the effectiveness of various variables had evolved over time. The findings revealed that the effects sizes of variables, such as environmental attitude, awareness, and knowledge had increased markedly in the last decade (2015-2024) compared to the previous decade (2005-2014). This change suggested a greater influence of cultural, media, and educational initiatives on individuals' environmental attitudes and behaviors. This growth in effectiveness presented an opportunity as the society appeared to be more receptive to and internalizing environmental concepts. Such effectiveness could be further enhanced through targeted policymaking and interventions. While mass media and social networks were increasingly pivotal in fostering environmental awareness, the specific and influential roles of media, influencers, and digital platforms on environmental behaviors in Iran warranted empirical investigation. The findings underscored the importance of cognitive, attitudinal, and cultural components in understanding environmental behavior. They demonstrated that changing environmental behaviors could be achieved not only through punitive policies, but also through educating, awareness-raising, strengthening social capital, and fostering positive collective norms. Therefore, designing educational and cultural interventions grounded in empirical evidence could significantly enhance the environmental behaviors of Iranian citizens. در سال‌های اخیر، به دلیل وجود مشکلات و بحران‌های محیط‌زیستی مثل آلودگی، کمبود منابع آبی، خشک‌سالی و تخریب تنوع زیستی و جانوری در ایران و جهان به بررسی تبیینی رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی توجه فزاینده‎‌ای شده است. این رفتارها پیچیده، وابسته به زمینه و چندوجهی هستند و نیازمند رویکردهای جامع برای درک و تبیین آن‎‌ها در جوامع مختلف است. این تحقیق در تلاش است که رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی را در جامعۀ ایران براساس مطالعات انجام‌شده طی سال‌های 1384 تا 1403 با روش فراتحلیل تبیین کند. روش تحقیق فراتحلیل است. جامعۀ آماری تحقیق همۀ مقالات معتبر علمی هستند که در سال‎‌های 1384 تا 1403 با موضوع رفتارهای زیست‎‌محیطی منتشر‌شده‎‌اند؛ درنهایت 54 تحقیق انتخاب و با نرم‎‌افزار CMA2 تحلیل شدند. نتایج فراتحلیل نشان داد که متغیرهای تمایل به رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی، سرمایۀ فرهنگی، هنجارهای اجتماعی، نگرش، آگاهی و دانش زیست‎‌محیطی بیشترین تأثیر را بر رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی در جامعۀ ایرانی داشتند. اندازۀ اثرات ترکیبی تأثیر تمایل به رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی بر رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی معادل 57/0 و در حد زیاد بود. اندازۀ اثرات متغیرهای سرمایۀ فرهنگی (36/0)، هنجارهای اجتماعی (35/0)، نگرش زیست‎‌محیطی (33/0) و آگاهی زیست‎‌محیطی (32/0) در حد متوسط ارزیابی شد. اندازۀ اثرات ترکیبی تأثیر دانش زیست‌محیطی بر رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی معادل 27/0 و در حد کم است. نتایج متغیر تعدیلگر دورۀ زمانی نشان می‌دهد که آگاهی، دانش و نگرش زیست‌محیطی در بازۀ زمانی 1394-1403، به‌نسبت بازۀ زمانی 1384-1393، تأثیر بیشتری بر رفتارهای زیست‌محیطی در جامعۀ ایرانی دارند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29743_a6d667cb5d499cb529e3919fdad7b0de.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 Broken Showcase: Activists' Perceptions of Corruption in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) ویترین شکسته: ادراک کنشگران از فساد در بازار بورس تهران 23 38 29746 10.22108/jas.2025.145055.2634 FA اکبر زارع شاه آبادی استاد، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران فاطمه پیرنهاد دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‌شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 28 Introduction The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE), once celebrated as a hallmark of Iran's economic modernization and a crucial capital market, has recently become emblematic of growing distrust and perceived systemic corruption. While state media previously hailed the TSE as the "showcase of the Iranian economy", many stakeholders now refer to it as a "broken showcase", highlighting its issues with opacity, manipulation, and insider control. This study sought to fill a significant gap in the sociological understanding of financial corruption by examining how key market participants perceived and interpreted corruption within the Iranian stock market. The primary objective was to uncover the social and institutional mechanisms that contributed to the prevalent perception of corruption in the TSE. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative methodology, utilizing thematic analysis to explore how market participants understood and articulated corruption. Data were collected through 28 in-depth semi-structured interviews with a purposive and snowball sample of investors, analysts, brokers, and financial experts, all of whom possessed at least 5 years of experience in the TSE. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software following Braun and Clarke’s 6-step thematic analysis framework. To enhance the validity of the findings, the study incorporated triangulation, member checking, memo writing, and peer debriefing. The theoretical framework was grounded in 4 key perspectives: North’s Institutional Theory (1990): Emphasizing the role of formal and informal institutions in facilitating or hindering corruption Becker’s Rational Choice Theory (1968): Explaining corrupt behavior as the result of a cost-benefit analysis Parsons’ Social Systems Theory (1951): Linking corruption to a breakdown in normative integration and role performance Putnam’s Social Capital Theory (1993): Connecting declining trust to the rise in perceived corruption Discussion of Results & Conclusion Three major themes emerged from the data: a) Anomic Market Conditions Participants reported experiences of widespread rule-breaking, price manipulation, media misrepresentation, and insider trading. Many described the TSE as a "rigged game" or "casino" where outcomes were dictated not by skill or analysis, but by proximity to power and access to privileged information. This erosion of equal opportunity in information access had led to significant frustration among retail investors. b) Institutional Corruption Respondents highlighted the failure of regulatory bodies, such as the Securities and Exchange Organization (SEO), to prevent or address corruption. Structural weaknesses, lack of transparency, and conflicts of interest were identified as systemic issues. Supervisory institutions were often perceived not as neutral overseers, but as entities captured by political or economic elites. c) Mafia-Style Corruption Many participants characterized corruption as organized and hierarchical rather than incidental. This included allegations of collusion among large shareholders, brokers, and regulators with outcomes often pre-arranged behind the scenes. Terms like “mafiosi”, “corrupt networks”, and “engineered losses” were frequently mentioned. These perceptions reflected a broader erosion of social and institutional trust. For many investors, especially those, who had suffered significant losses during the 2020 market crash, the stock exchange had ceased to be a viable or safe investment option. Instead, it was seen as a domain that perpetuated inequality and injustice. This study concluded that perceived corruption in the TSE could not be reduced to isolated incidents; it was deeply embedded in a broader institutional and cultural context. Rebuilding trust in the Iranian capital market required systemic reforms, including independence of oversight bodies, enhancement of transparency mechanisms, enforcement of accountability, and cultivation of ethical norms. Without addressing these foundational issues, the TSE will continue to exist as a space of exclusion and resentment rather than a catalyst for national economic development. بازار بورس که بیشتر ویترین اقتصادی ایران شناخته می‌شود، باید نماد شفافیت، اعتماد و کارایی باشد؛ بااین‌حال در سال‌های اخیر، ادراک کنشگران از فساد در این بازار به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش یافته است. این مطالعۀ کیفی با هدف بررسی ادراک کنشگران از فساد در بورس تهران صورت گرفت. داده‌ها ازطریق نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختاریافته با 28 نفر از کنشگران فعال، سرمایه‌گذاران و کارشناسان بورس تهران، جمع‌آوری و با شیوۀ تحلیل تماتیک، تحلیل شدند. در این تحقیق سه مقولۀ اصلی شامل بازار آنومیک (رانت اطلاعاتی، قانون‌شکنی، تبانی، دستکاری بازار، ظاهرسازی گمراه‌کننده)، فساد نهادی (ضعف ساختاری-نظارتی، سوء‌استفاده و تعارض منافع) و فساد مافیایی (فساد آشکار، فساد پیش‌رونده) استخراج شد. تحقیق حاضر نشان داد که کنشگران، بازار را همچون ویترینی شکسته و ناکارآمد می‌دانند که به سبب انواع فساد، تنها برخی افراد شانس موفقیت دارند؛ بنابراین، سیاست‌گذاری‌های مناسب برای کاهش و کنترل این فساد تأثیر بسزایی بر ارتقای بازنمایی بازار به‌عنوان نمادی از اقتصاد ایران خواهد داشت.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29746_ca1e5490a279bd4295186e0ce1e09c1e.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 Social Construction of National Identity:A Data-Based Study of the Conflict between Ethnic and National Identities of the Arabs of Khuzestan برساخت اجتماعی هویت ملی، مطالعه داده‌بنیاد تعارض هویت قومی و ملی اعراب خوزستان 39 70 29822 10.22108/jas.2025.145550.2656 FA نرگس خوشکلام دکترای جامعه‌شناسی و پژوهشگر پسادکترای، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران عبدالرضا نواح دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2025 06 07 Introduction The study of the relationship between ethnic and national identities in today's world is of significant interest to scholars, researchers, and policymakers. Ethnocentrism remains a critical social issue in multi-ethnic countries. Among the various ethnic groups in Iran, the Arab community frequently exemplifies the conflict between ethnic and national identities. The sporadic emergence of extremist terrorist groups in Khuzestan, along with the resulting events, underscores the relevance of this issue. The conflict between ethnic and national identities is ultimately a subjective phenomenon that exists "in the minds" of individuals. Therefore, addressing this problem requires an analysis of how individuals perceive these identities, which is essential for understanding the underlying causes of ethnic and national identity conflicts, as well as the reactions of the involved parties. Given the importance of this issue in undermining national unity and security, as well as threatening Iran's territorial integrity and the geopolitical stability of Khuzestan Province, several critical questions arise: What are the causes of the emergence of this phenomenon among the Arabs of Khuzestan? What are the resultant consequences? What strategies have the involved parties adopted in response to this phenomenon? And what factors and conditions are those strategies influenced by? Materials & Methods The present study employed a grounded theory approach, reflecting the qualitative nature of its research questions. In this methodology, concepts and categories were derived from interviews and organized into a paradigmatic model through 3 stages: open, axial, and selective coding. Our aim was to conduct a sociological analysis of the issue at hand. Using the qualitative grounded theory method, this study examined the process of social construction of national identity among the Arabs of Khuzestan. Sampling was conducted through purposive methods with data collection achieved via in-depth interviews until theoretical saturation was reached, thus resulting in a total of 30 interviews. The coding process proceeded as follows: After each interview was transcribed, open coding was performed to identify the main categories. During this phase, the interview texts were segmented into sentences, generating 563 primary raw codes. These primary codes were then refined into 392 secondary codes, which were grouped into related conceptual codes or concepts, resulting in 66 distinct concepts. By clustering several related concepts, we formed 29 subcategories, which were subsequently organized into 14 main categories through further categorization of related subcategories. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that the phenomenon of "identity conflict" had arisen from several causal conditions: 1) racial-ethnic distinctions, 2) historical-cultural conflicts, 3) economic and climatic deprivation, and 4) socio-political exclusion. In response, various actors had engaged in the social construction of national identity. This strategy was shaped by the following background conditions: 1) demographic characteristics, 2) socio-economic foundations, and 3) proximity to other groups. Additionally, intervening conditions included: 1) social pluralism, 2) cultural convergence, and 3) experiences of patriotic disasters. The consequences of these dynamics were twofold: social cohesion (national unity) and political cohesion (national security). In general, the creation of a national identity could occur through two pathways: political and social. The social approach developed by grassroots activists at the micro level proved to be more effective in sustaining national security. Ultimately, the resolution of the identity conflict stemmed from the social construction of national identity by these actors rather than from the political identity constructed by the state. In essence, the grassroots social strategies employed by individuals to foster national identity had demonstrated greater effectiveness than the broader political strategies implemented by the government. بررسی رابطۀ میان هویت‎‌های قومی و ملی در دنیای کنونی مورد توجه ویژۀ اندیشمندان، پژوهشگران و سیاست‎‌گذاران قرار دارد و قوم‎‌گرایی یکی از مسائل اجتماعی اساسی کشورهای چندقومیتی است. یکی از اقوام ایرانی که همواره مسئلۀ تعارض میان هویت قومی و ملی در رابطه با آن مطرح می‎‌شود، قوم عرب است. ظهور گهگاهی گروه‎‌های افراطی تروریستی در خوزستان و وقایع ناشی از آن مؤید وجود این مسئله ‎است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش کیفی نظریۀ زمینه‎‌ای، فرایند برساخت اجتماعی هویت ملی در میان اعراب خوزستان را بررسی کرده است. نمونه‎‌گیری به روش هدفمند و گردآوری داده‎‌ها به روش مصاحبۀ عمیق تا زمان اشباع نظری (30 مصاحبه) ادامه یافته است. یافته‎‌ها نشان می‎‌دهد که پدیدۀ «تعارض هویتی» بر اثر شرایط علّی ازجمله: 1) تمایز تبار-نژادی، 2) تعارض تاریخی-فرهنگی، 3) محرومیت اقتصادی-اقلیمی و 4)طرد اجتماعی-سیاسی ظهور یافته است و کنشگران در مواجهه با آن به برساخت اجتماعی هویت ملی پرداخته‎‌اند. این راهبرد متأثر از شرایط زمینه‎‌ای شامل 1) ویژگی‎‌های جمعیت‎‌شناختی، 2) پایگاه اقتصادی-اجتماعی و 3) همجواری با غیر و متأثر از شرایط مداخله‎‌گر شامل 1) تکثرگرایی اجتماعی، 2) همگرایی فرهنگی و 3) بلایای میهن‎‌نما بوده و دو پیامد مهم آن نیز انسجام اجتماعی (وحدت ملی) و انسجام سیاسی (امنیت ملی) بوده‎‌اند. به‌طورکلی ایجاد هویت ملی به دو شیوۀ سیاسی و اجتماعی امکان‎‌پذیر است و نوعِ اجتماعی آنکه توسط کنشگران در سطح خُرد برساخته می‎‌شود، کارآمدی بیشتری در حفظ امنیت ملی دارد.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29822_13803341dd49e4f3cdf765ded5f23c76.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 Analysis of the Antecedents of Feeling of Relative Deprivation in Iranian Society (Case Study: Tehrani Citizens) تحلیلی بر عوامل پیشایندی احساس محرومیت نسبی در جامعه ایران (مورد مطالعه: شهروندان تهرانی) 71 96 29655 10.22108/jas.2025.144891.2628 FA سید سعید حسینی زاده آرانی استادیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آیت‌العظمی بروجردی (ره)، بروجرد، ایران طاها عشایری استادیار، گروه تاریخ و جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 14 Introduction Throughout history, humanity has consistently sought to fulfill its desires and meet its needs. The sensation of relative deprivation arises when individuals feel they are denied what they rightfully deserve. This feeling reflects a disconnection between value expectations—such as aspirations and ideal living conditions—and value capabilities, which encompass the available opportunities and resources. Numerous economic, social, political, and cultural factors contribute to this sense of deprivation, including unemployment, inflation, corruption, poverty, consumerism, social media influences, and economic instability. In metropolitan areas like Tehran undergoing rapid social, economic, and cultural transformations, the feeling of relative deprivation becomes increasingly intricate. Social disparities, economic dissatisfaction, and widespread protests in recent decades highlight the prevalence of this sentiment among citizens. These unrests, which are driven by issues, such as economic challenges, lack of government accountability, restrictions on civil liberties, and declining public trust, often begin in Tehran before spreading to other regions. These factors have undermined the middle class, exacerbated relative poverty, and fostered a sense of hopelessness about the future. Consequently, the central question of this research was: What factors contribute to the emergence or mitigation of feelings of relative deprivation among residents of Tehran at the political (perceptions of government effectiveness and civil liberties), social (satisfaction of needs and social standing), and economic (labor relations and economic pressures) levels? Materials & Methods This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed at applied outcomes, and utilized a survey technique. The statistical population comprised citizens aged 18 to 70 years residing in the 22 districts of Tehran. To determine the sample size, the regression analysis method of Sample Power software was employed, resulting in a final sample of 255 participants. Sampling was conducted using a multistage cluster method. The 22 districts were categorized into 5 regions (north, south, central, east, and west) with each region further divided into neighborhoods and streets. Questionnaires were then distributed within selected residential blocks. The primary research instrument was a questionnaire that included standardized scales to measure variables, such as feelings of relative deprivation, perceptions of government inefficiency, economic structural pressures, unmet needs, diminishing civil liberties, low social status, and weak labor relations. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated through face and content validity, while reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which indicated satisfactory reliability for the scales. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and AMOS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The descriptive findings of this study indicated that the average feeling of relative deprivation among citizens of Tehran was notably high with 67.2 percent experiencing it at an elevated level. The analytical results revealed that as levels of unmet social needs and structural pressures increased, alongside perceptions of government inefficiency, the feeling of relative deprivation also intensified. Conversely, declines in social status, a weak structure of labor relations, and reduced political and civil freedoms contributed to heightened feelings of deprivation. Structural analysis of the research model demonstrated that the economic structural pressures index with a total effect of 0.904 and the variable of unmet social needs with a coefficient of 0.867 exerted the most significant direct and indirect influences on the relative deprivation experienced by Tehrani citizens. These findings highlighted that feelings of relative deprivation were prevalent among the population and stemmed from multiple factors. Key contributors included economic structural pressures (such as poverty, unemployment, and inflation), unmet social needs (encompassing biological, security, social, and self-actualization needs), and perceptions of government inefficiency. To mitigate feelings of relative deprivation, it is essential to enhance economic conditions, fulfill citizens' basic needs, and bolster trust in government through improved efficiency and accountability. Additionally, strengthening civil liberties, reforming the structure of labor relations, and elevating social status will also prove beneficial. Overall, these findings underscore the necessity of addressing various aspects of citizens' lives and implementing comprehensive policies aimed at reducing social disparities and enhancing public satisfaction. این تحقیق با هدف تحلیلی بر عوامل پیشایندی احساس محرومیت نسبی در جامعۀ ایران با تمرکز بر سه گروه متغیرهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و سیاسی به انجام رسیده است؛ بدین منظور، از رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی، هدف کاربردی و تکنیک پیمایشی با به‌کارگیری ابزار پرسشنامه در جامعۀ آماری شهروندان ردۀ سنی 18 تا 70 سال شهر تهران در مناطق 22گانه شهری استفاده شده است. گزینش حجم نمونه براساس روش تحلیل رگرسیونی در نرم‌افزار سمپل پاور صورت گرفت و 255 ‌نفر به شیوۀ نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای از میان ساکنین محلات قیطریه، خانی‌آباد، جمهوری، شهرک رسالت و تهرانسر به پرسشنامه پاسخ گفتند. داده‌های گردآوری‌شده به کمک نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و AMOS تحلیل و پایایی متغیرها با کمک روش آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد. نتایج توصیفی تحقیق آشکار ساختند که میانگین احساس محرومیت نسبی در میان شهروندان تهرانی بالاتر از حد متوسط بود. نتایج تحلیلی نشان دادند که با افزایش سطح عدم ارضای نیازهای اجتماعی و فشارهای ساختاری و ادراک ناکارآمدی دولت بر سطح احساس محرومیت نسبی افزوده می‌شود و کاهش منزلت اجتماعی، ساختار ضعیف روابط کاری و تنزل آزادی سیاسی و مدنی موجبات افزایش محرومیت نسبی را فراهم می‌سازد. تحلیل ساختاری مدل تحقیق نیز نشان داد که شاخص فشارهای ساختاری اقتصادی با مجموع اثر 904/0 و متغیر عدم ارضای نیازهای اجتماعی با ضریب 867/0 بیشترین اثرگذاری مستقیم و غیرمستقیم را بر احساس محرومیت نسبی شهروندان تهرانی نهاده‌اند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29655_35627f7232ba510cfa879650af38d321.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 A Critical Analysis of Iran's Rural Development Policies from the Perspective of Social Inclusion and Gender Equity تحلیل انتقادی سیاست‌های توسعۀ روستایی ایران از منظر شمول اجتماعی و عدالت جنسیتی 97 126 29935 10.22108/jas.2025.146159.2684 FA اکرم حمیدیان استادیار پژوهشی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، معاونت آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران حسن رضا یوسفوند استادیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران احمد موذنی استادیار پژوهشی، بخش تحقیقات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و ترویج کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 07 30 Introduction Rural development is a fundamental pillar of sustainable development in Iran, playing a vital role in poverty alleviation, enhancing food security, and improving rural livelihoods. Women, who represent a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, engage in approximately 11.4% of agricultural activities (Eco Iran, 2023). However, both global and national evidence reveal persistent gender inequalities in access to resources, decision-making opportunities, and institutional support systems, which collectively hinder women’s effective participation in rural development. These inequalities stem from structural, cultural, and institutional barriers that undermine social inclusion and gender justice—essential elements of sustainable development. Although Iran’s rural development policies, particularly those outlined in the national Five-Year Development Plans (2006–2024), have increasingly acknowledged gender-related issues, a substantial gap remains between policy intentions and actual outcomes. This disparity is largely due to the predominance of the Women in Development (WID) approach, which integrates women into existing frameworks without addressing the underlying power structures. This study critically examined Iran’s rural development policies through the lens of social inclusion and gender justice, employing a mixed-methods approach to identify gaps, barriers, and pathways toward more inclusive and equitable rural development. Materials & Methods This research employed a convergent mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative analyses to provide a comprehensive understanding of gender dynamics and inclusion in Iran’s rural development policies. Quantitative data were gathered from official national statistics (2006–2024) published by the Statistical Center of Iran and the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, focusing on gender-disaggregated indicators, such as economic participation rates, access to agricultural credit, and education levels. Qualitative data were obtained through content analysis of policy documents, including the Fourth to Seventh National Development Plans, the Comprehensive Plan for Women and Family Affairs (2005), the General Family Policy Document (2016), and the Gender Justice Indicators Framework (2017). Additionally, 45 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 3 stakeholder groups: 20 rural women, 15 experts and researchers, and 10 policy or executive managers across 5 provinces (Golestan, Fars, Isfahan, Tehran, and Lorestan) selected to represent a diverse geographic and developmental spectrum of Iran. Purposeful sampling with maximum variation ensured a broad range of perspectives. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis (following Braun & Clarke, 2006) and qualitative content analysis, resulting in 412 initial codes, 32 subcategories, and 7 main categories (e.g., gender inequality in resource access, institutional exclusion, cultural barriers, policy challenges, and data deficiencies). Quantitative data were utilized to trace trends in gender justice indicators. Data triangulation across interviews, documents, and statistics enhanced the validity of the findings. Ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent, ensuring anonymity, and avoiding sensitive questions to prevent harm to participants. Inter-coder reliability analysis yielded a Cohen’s kappa of 0.87, indicating a strong level of agreement. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed significant gender inequalities and institutional exclusion of rural women within Iran’s rural development framework, undermining both social inclusion and gender justice. Gender Inequality in Access to Resources: Rural women faced substantial barriers in accessing financial, productive (land and water), and knowledge resources due to institutional limitations, such as the lack of formal collateral and legal dependence on men. For example, a woman from Golestan was denied an agricultural loan because her farmland was legally registered in her husband’s name. In 2020, only 14% of agricultural extension agents were women, limiting access to gender-sensitive training. These findings align with the Gender and Development (GAD) framework, which emphasizes addressing structural inequalities—contrary to the Women in Development (WID) approach prevalent in Iran, which views women as passive recipients. Comparative evidence from India’s self-help women’s groups demonstrates how microfinance can enhance empowerment though cultural and institutional differences may pose challenges to its sustainability in Iran. Institutional and Structural Exclusion: The institutional neglect of women’s unpaid domestic and informal agricultural work excluded them from social protection systems, such as insurance. Discriminatory inheritance and land ownership laws further restricted access to essential assets, while women’s minimal representation in decision-making bodies (3.2% in rural councils as of 2017) marginalized their voices. These forms of exclusion resonated with the framework of social exclusion (Koutsouris et al., 2020) and underscored the need for gender-transformative approaches to shift existing power dynamics. Cultural and Social Barriers: Prevailing gender norms and stereotypes confined women to low-income activities, such as food processing and poultry raising, while men dominated higher-value sectors with 85% male participation in marketing. Women worked an average of 16 hours per day compared to 10 hours for men, owing to their dual responsibilities in domestic and agricultural tasks. These findings are consistent with feminist theories (Mohanty, 2003). Global experiences, such as gender training initiatives in Ethiopia, demonstrate the potential for changing norms through engagement with local leaders; however, localized strategies will be essential to overcome resistance in Iran. Policy Challenges: Iran’s rural development policies continued to be largely influenced by the Women in Development (WID) approach, which lacked gender sensitivity, coherence, and coordination. Approximately 82% of experts identified a significant gap between policy design and implementation. The neglect of women’s indigenous knowledge had further alienated policies from local realities. Comparisons with global frameworks, such as Sustainable Development Goal 5 (SDG 5) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), highlighted both legal and practical shortcomings. Weakness of Gender Data and Evidence:The absence of gender-disaggregated data—particularly concerning land ownership and market participation—obscured women’s contributions to the rural economy. Existing studies were often non-participatory and methodologically constrained. Global initiatives, such as those by CGIAR (2020), emphasized the importance of gender data; however, high costs and institutional barriers presented challenges for effective implementation in Iran. This study illustrated how structural inequalities, institutional exclusion, cultural norms, and policy gaps collectively hindered rural women’s participation and sustainable rural development in Iran. It advocated for the adoption of gender-transformative policy approaches, improvement of gender-disaggregated data systems, and enhancement of women’s participation in decision-making processes. The study’s limitations included its provincial focus and restricted access to certain policy documents, indicating the need for broader national and comparative analyses. Theoretically, this research contributes to the literature by emphasizing gender-transformative frameworks, while practically, it offers a policy-oriented framework for inclusive rural development. Future studies should incorporate comparative, longitudinal, and participatory research to capture the lived experiences of rural women and support evidence-based, gender-sensitive policy design. این پژوهش با هدف تحلیل انتقادی سیاست‌های توسعۀ روستایی ایران از منظر شمول اجتماعی و عدالت جنسیتی با رویکرد ترکیبی (کمّی-کیفی) انجام شد. روش‌های کمّی شامل تحلیل داده‌های آماری رسمی (1385-1403) و روش‌های کیفی شامل تحلیل محتوای اسناد سیاستی و مصاحبه‌های نیمه‌ساختارمند بود. داده‌ها از اسناد سیاستی (برنامه‌های پنج‌سالۀ توسعه، سند جامع توسعۀ امور زنان و خانواده، سند سیاست‌های کلی خانواده، سند شاخص‌های عدالت جنسیتی)، داده‌های آماری مرکز آمار ایران و وزارت جهاد کشاورزی و 45 مصاحبۀ عمیق با 20 زن روستایی، 15 کارشناس و پژوهشگر و 10 مدیر اجرایی در استان‌های گلستان، فارس، اصفهان، تهران و لرستان گردآوری شد. یافته‌ها نشان‌دهندۀ نابرابری‌های جنسیتی در دسترسی به منابع مالی، تولیدی و دانش، طرد نهادی، هنجارهای فرهنگی محدودکننده و ضعف سیاست‌گذاری در راستای شمول جنسیتی است. فقدان داده‌های تفکیک‌شده جنسیتی و رویکرد مردمحور در سیاست‌ها، اثربخشی را کاهش داده است. پیشنهاد می‌شود برای ارتقای شمول اجتماعی و عدالت جنسیتی، اصلاح قوانین مالکیت، تقویت تشکل‌های زنان به آموزش‌های حساس به جنسیت و بهره‌گیری از دانش بومی توجه شود. این پژوهش چارچوبی برای سیاست‌گذاری فراگیر ارائه می‌کند تا توسعۀ پایدار روستایی در ایران محقق شود.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29935_fb6f4c272c9d39b8b19a57ec65f42d92.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان جامعه شناسی کاربردی 2008-5745 37 1 2026 03 21 Network Analysis and Trend Analysis of Urban Loneliness Studies: A Scientometric Approach تحلیل شبکه‌ای و روندشناسی مطالعات احساس تنهایی در شهر با رویکردی علم‌سنجی 127 154 29767 10.22108/jas.2025.144305.2607 FA فرشاد طهماسبی زاده دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، گروه شهرسازی، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران شیرین طغیانی استادیار گروه شهرسازی، واحد نجف‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف‌آباد، ایران محمود محمدی دانشیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2025 04 20 Introduction The phenomenon of loneliness has become a significant social and psychological concern in urban areas, largely due to the complexities of urban life and a decline in social interactions. Urban loneliness, as both a psychological and social issue, manifests as a malaise stemming from the disconnection between individuals and their environments. Therefore, urban planning must prioritize the creation of spaces that mitigate feelings of loneliness and their detrimental effects on individual health. This study aimed to perform a network analysis and examine research trends related to urban loneliness using the VOSviewer tool. Materials & Methods This research was philosophically grounded in pragmatism and situated within the interpretive paradigm. It was classified as applied research based on its objectives. Methodologically, a descriptive and analytical qualitative approach was employed. A scientometric framework was utilized, incorporating bibliometric and visualization techniques, such as co-word analysis, co-authorship analysis, co-citation analysis, and social network analysis. Library research methods were implemented to collect data for the literature review and construct the research database. The initial statistical population comprised 8,362 articles related to loneliness, which was obtained through an unrestricted search. To refine the database and ensure relevance to the research scope, various extraction methods based on the research keywords were tested with the results of each method evaluated. This iterative process continued until an optimal search algorithm tailored to the research objectives was developed. Ultimately, 310 articles directly relevant to the topic were selected for co-occurrence analysis. Data analysis employed bibliometric and scientometric methods, particularly co-word analysis, using the VOSviewer software environment. The analysis included models, such as Citation Analysis, Co-Citation Analysis, Co-Authorship Analysis, Keyword Analysis, and Publication Analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Research on loneliness has seen gradual growth from the 1950s to the late 1990s, primarily concentrating on clinical psychology and sociology, with a focus on identifying factors that influence the experience of loneliness. Since the 2000s, the pace of research has accelerated, branching into various fields, including social psychology and neuroscience. The 2010s marked a period of exponential growth with studies examining loneliness across different age groups and specific life circumstances. Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, research on loneliness reached its peak, becoming a central focus of scientific inquiry. Co-word analysis of keywords identified core terms, such as "loneliness", "social isolation", "mental health", "depression", "social support", "older adults", and "COVID-19", which exhibited the highest frequencies. Recent studies have introduced concepts like "coronavirus", "pandemics", "gender", "social media", and "welfare status" into the discourse on loneliness. Since 2020, "city" and "rural" have also emerged as significant terms in this field. Co-citation analysis revealed that the "UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3)" published in 1996 by Russell was the most highly cited reference in the domain of "loneliness and the city". An analysis of the countries contributing to loneliness research showed that China and the United States ranked first and second, respectively, while Iran held the 13th position with 7 publications. In terms of citations, the United States led with 2,134 citations followed by the United Kingdom and China. Network analysis of co-citation indicated that research in the field of loneliness had been published across 213 journals with the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health having the most significant impact. Examining the evolution of research revealed that, in recent decades, the concept of loneliness within urban contexts had been linked to demographic, social, and psychological factors, as well as individual characteristics and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant gaps remained in the existing literature, particularly regarding the role of urban environments as exacerbating or causative factors of loneliness. While numerous studies had addressed social isolation, few had specifically focused on environmental loneliness or urban loneliness, which arose from the interaction between individuals and urban spaces. Given the growing importance of loneliness as a complex social issue in the 21th century, there was an urgent need for comprehensive and multifaceted research exploring the relationship between cities and loneliness. The findings underscored that identifying research gaps in the field of "loneliness and urban studies" could serve as a valuable resource for scholars. This identification could facilitate the formation of international collaborative networks, highlight key reference sources and highly cited articles, and uncover emerging keywords in this area. Importantly, the results of this study may pave the way for future research directions and contribute to the expansion of studies within this scientific field. احساس تنهایی به‌عنوان مسئلۀ مهم اجتماعی و روانی در شهرها به دلیل پیچیدگی‌های زندگی شهری و کاهش تعاملات اجتماعی اهمیت یافته است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل شبکه‌ای و بررسی روندهای پژوهشی مرتبط با تنهایی شهری، از ابزار VOSviewer استفاده کرده است. همچنین ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر ماهیت روش، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. در بخش تحلیل داده‌ها، از رویکرد علم‌سنجی با بهره‌گیری از روش‌های تحلیل هم‌واژگانی، هم‌نویسندگی، هم‌استنادی و تحلیل شبکه‌های علمی استفاده شده است. داده‌ها از پایگاه استنادی وب‌آو ساینس استخراج شده‌اند. در فرایند جست‌وجو، از میان 8362 مقالۀ اولیه، با الگوریتم بهینه‌سازی‌شده، 310 مقالۀ مرتبط شناسایی و تحلیل شدند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که مطالعات مرتبط با احساس تنهایی از سال 2010 روند روبه‌رشدی داشته و در سال‌های اخیر، به‌ویژه متأثر از همه‌گیری کووید-19، به‌طور چشمگیری افزایش یافته است. کشورهای آمریکا، چین و انگلستان به‌عنوان پیشروان این حوزه، بیشترین تأثیر را در تولید علم داشته‌اند. مقالۀ «مقیاس تنهایی یو‌سی‌ال‌ای[1] (نسخۀ 3)» اثر راسل، به‌عنوان پراستنادترین منبع در این زمینه شناسایی شد. مفهوم تنهایی در بستر شهری بیشتر با عوامل جمعیت‌شناختی، اجتماعی، روان‌شناختی و ویژگی‌های فردی در ارتباط بوده است؛ اما نقش شهر به‌عنوان عاملی مؤثر در ایجاد یا تشدید احساس تنهایی، به‌طور جامع بررسی نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با تأکید بر شکاف‌های پژوهشی موجود، بر اهمیت انجام تحقیقات گسترده و چندوجهی در زمینۀ رابطۀ میان شهر و تنهایی تأکید دارد. ضرورت ایجاد شبکه‌های همکاری بین‌المللی، به‌کارگیری رویکردهای نوین و ابزارهای تحلیلی پیشرفته و شناسایی مفاهیم و منابع کلیدی جدید در این حوزه برجسته شده است. یافته‌ها مسیرهای جدیدی را برای تحقیقات آینده پیشنهاد می‌دهند و به گسترش دامنۀ مطالعات علمی در این زمینه کمک می‌کنند، درحالی‌که راهنمای ارزشمندی برای پژوهشگران، سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌ریزان شهری فراهم می‌آورند.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29767_3f0b1a456ec3d1f4312f8c4c4929c882.pdf