University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 Social Construction of National Solidarity from the Perspective of Baloch Women: A Qualitative Study among Educated Women in Zahedan Social Construction of National Solidarity from the Perspective of Baloch Women: A Qualitative Study among Educated Women in Zahedan 1 18 29886 10.22108/jas.2025.146265.2689 FA Faezeh Aarabi Ph.D. candidate of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Associate professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Mahnaz Farahmand Associate professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Akbar Zare Shahabadi Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2025 08 10 Introduction National solidarity transcends mere elite consensus, legislation, or political mechanisms; it is deeply embedded in the collective unconscious, culture, and social experiences of citizens. It embodies a shared commitment to social cohesion, evolving into an ethical-political ideal. This concept is crucial for governance as it promotes acceptance of ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity, along with varying perspectives and preferences. Such acceptance enhances a nation’s political and social capital. According to Kaplan, national unity and a sense of belonging among individuals are cultivated through the unconscious alignment of shared habits, such as enjoying symbolic foods or participating in specific rituals. These collective practices and emotional experiences bolstered by governmental institutions and symbols create connections among individuals, often strengthening national identity in the process. Given the importance of national solidarity in Iran’s ethnically diverse society and the vital role of women as key contributors, this study sought to explore and analyze the lived experiences and perceptions of educated Baloch women regarding national solidarity. Materials & Methods This qualitative study was conducted in the city of Zahedan in 2025, involving 28 Baloch women as participants. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, which were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. The interviews aimed to explore the participants’ perceptions of national solidarity within the framework of their understanding of homeland. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that participants demonstrated a deep attachment to the concept of homeland. However, their experiences with social injustice led them to primarily define national solidarity and unity in terms of justice. National solidarity can be metaphorically envisioned as a “Baloch carpet”. From the analysis, 4 key themes emerged: Iranian interwovenness, inclusive justice, responsible governance, and loyal agency. These findings suggested that the structural phenomenon of national solidarity was rooted in a cultural-historical context centered on inclusive justice, providing a vision for enhancing social cohesion and reforming governance practices. Furthermore, national solidarity was grounded in human interactions, perceptions, intentions, and loyal agency. This conceptual framework offered a practical foundation for policymaking aimed at promoting social justice, fostering public trust, and ultimately enhancing social capital. The study constructed the concept of national solidarity in a gender-transcendent manner. Although it focused on educated women, the results were interpreted in a way that transcended gender boundaries. The thematic analysis indicated that national solidarity held significance and sustainability for participants when shaped within the framework of Iranian interwovenness—a context built on shared values and concepts that transcended ethnic and cultural differences. In its tangible expression, national solidarity recognized Iranian identity, drawing inspiration from the cultural and social ecosystems of all Iranian ethnic groups, including Kurds, Lors, Baloch, and others, along with all religious denominations rather than solely focusing on Tehran and centralized power. Participants advocated for responsible governance at the structural level—a government that embodied justice, transparency, and anti-corruption in both its structures and actions. Loyal agency, at the micro level, was not merely an emotional or historical necessity, but a collective practice reflected in wealth generation, education for future generations, and informed selection of responsible leaders. The study’s findings, emphasizing lived experiences and themes, such as inclusive justice and loyal agency, enriched the conceptual discourse on national solidarity. The metaphor of the “Baloch Carpet” and the theme of Iranian interwovenness as a conceptual framework offer an innovative approach to deepening the understanding of national solidarity in multicultural contexts and warrant further exploration in future research. Introduction National solidarity transcends mere elite consensus, legislation, or political mechanisms; it is deeply embedded in the collective unconscious, culture, and social experiences of citizens. It embodies a shared commitment to social cohesion, evolving into an ethical-political ideal. This concept is crucial for governance as it promotes acceptance of ethnic, linguistic, and cultural diversity, along with varying perspectives and preferences. Such acceptance enhances a nation’s political and social capital. According to Kaplan, national unity and a sense of belonging among individuals are cultivated through the unconscious alignment of shared habits, such as enjoying symbolic foods or participating in specific rituals. These collective practices and emotional experiences bolstered by governmental institutions and symbols create connections among individuals, often strengthening national identity in the process. Given the importance of national solidarity in Iran’s ethnically diverse society and the vital role of women as key contributors, this study sought to explore and analyze the lived experiences and perceptions of educated Baloch women regarding national solidarity. Materials & Methods This qualitative study was conducted in the city of Zahedan in 2025, involving 28 Baloch women as participants. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, which were subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. The interviews aimed to explore the participants’ perceptions of national solidarity within the framework of their understanding of homeland. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that participants demonstrated a deep attachment to the concept of homeland. However, their experiences with social injustice led them to primarily define national solidarity and unity in terms of justice. National solidarity can be metaphorically envisioned as a “Baloch carpet”. From the analysis, 4 key themes emerged: Iranian interwovenness, inclusive justice, responsible governance, and loyal agency. These findings suggested that the structural phenomenon of national solidarity was rooted in a cultural-historical context centered on inclusive justice, providing a vision for enhancing social cohesion and reforming governance practices. Furthermore, national solidarity was grounded in human interactions, perceptions, intentions, and loyal agency. This conceptual framework offered a practical foundation for policymaking aimed at promoting social justice, fostering public trust, and ultimately enhancing social capital. The study constructed the concept of national solidarity in a gender-transcendent manner. Although it focused on educated women, the results were interpreted in a way that transcended gender boundaries. The thematic analysis indicated that national solidarity held significance and sustainability for participants when shaped within the framework of Iranian interwovenness—a context built on shared values and concepts that transcended ethnic and cultural differences. In its tangible expression, national solidarity recognized Iranian identity, drawing inspiration from the cultural and social ecosystems of all Iranian ethnic groups, including Kurds, Lors, Baloch, and others, along with all religious denominations rather than solely focusing on Tehran and centralized power. Participants advocated for responsible governance at the structural level—a government that embodied justice, transparency, and anti-corruption in both its structures and actions. Loyal agency, at the micro level, was not merely an emotional or historical necessity, but a collective practice reflected in wealth generation, education for future generations, and informed selection of responsible leaders. The study’s findings, emphasizing lived experiences and themes, such as inclusive justice and loyal agency, enriched the conceptual discourse on national solidarity. The metaphor of the “Baloch Carpet” and the theme of Iranian interwovenness as a conceptual framework offer an innovative approach to deepening the understanding of national solidarity in multicultural contexts and warrant further exploration in future research.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29886_e05278ff0257d7a26044e57e2ca2d195.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 Effects of Net Migration and Unemployment Rate on Celibacy Ratio among the Population Over 30 Years Old in Iran: Spatial Analysis Effects of Net Migration and Unemployment Rate on Celibacy Ratio among the Population Over 30 Years Old in Iran: Spatial Analysis 19 46 30028 10.22108/jas.2025.146074.2681 FA Fatemeh Tanhaa Assistant professor, Department of Demography, faculty of social sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hossein Mahmoudian professor, Department of Demography, faculty of social sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 27 Introduction Delayed marriage and the resulting increase in the celibacy ratio are significant changes affecting the family institution in recent years. These shifts have prompted research across various fields to identify and examine the different dimensions of this phenomenon. Beyond its numerous individual and social consequences, this trend contributes to declining fertility rates as fewer individuals are engaged in childbearing. Consequently, studying and analyzing the factors influencing the celibacy ratio has become a focal interest for demographers. Research indicates that structural factors, such as migration and unemployment, significantly impact the celibacy ratio within populations. In recent years, Iran has seen a notable rise in the number of individuals who remain single. Census data from recent decades further highlight substantial internal migration flows within the country. This article aimed to investigate the effects of migration and unemployment on the celibacy ratio among individuals over the age of 30, along with a spatial analysis of these factors. Materials & Methods This research employed a quantitative methodology utilizing secondary data analysis. Three key indicators—celibacy ratio, net migration, and unemployment rate—were derived from census data and the statistical yearbook of the Statistics Center of Iran. The celibacy ratio was calculated for the populations of the counties divided into two groups: men and women aged 30-39, 40-49, and 50 years and older. The analysis was conducted using ArcGIS and GeoDa software. Data analysis methods included least squares regression, geographically weighted regression, and Moran's spatial autocorrelation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that the celibacy ratio among individuals over 30 years of age was higher in the western, southwestern, and northwestern regions of Iran compared to other areas. Analysis revealed that net migration had a negative impact on the celibacy ratio for this demographic. Specifically, migration had led to an increase in the celibacy ratio in immigrant-sending counties, while it had decreased in immigrant-receiving counties. Conversely, the unemployment rate positively correlated with the celibacy ratio; counties with higher unemployment rates exhibited higher celibacy ratios, whereas those with lower unemployment had lower rates of singleness. There were notable gender differences in how migration and unemployment affected the celibacy ratio. The influence of these variables on the celibacy rate was more pronounced among women, particularly in the western regions of the country. High unemployment rates had contributed to increased celibacy rates for both females and males in certain counties. In some areas, male migration had further elevated the celibacy ratio among women. Application of bivariate Moran's I analysis revealed that counties in western Iran formed a significant low-high cluster characterized by low net migration (immigrant-sending) and high celibacy ratios. In contrast, many counties in the western half of Iran belonged to a high-high cluster marked by high unemployment rates and elevated celibacy ratios. Improving job creation could provide a foundation for marriage in some counties in the west and northwest of Iran by reducing migration and fostering the necessary conditions for family formation. Future research can focus on analyzing regional differences in population celibacy and exploring additional factors, apart from unemployment and migration that influence the celibacy ratio. Qualitative studies in this area could also provide valuable insights. Introduction Delayed marriage and the resulting increase in the celibacy ratio are significant changes affecting the family institution in recent years. These shifts have prompted research across various fields to identify and examine the different dimensions of this phenomenon. Beyond its numerous individual and social consequences, this trend contributes to declining fertility rates as fewer individuals are engaged in childbearing. Consequently, studying and analyzing the factors influencing the celibacy ratio has become a focal interest for demographers. Research indicates that structural factors, such as migration and unemployment, significantly impact the celibacy ratio within populations. In recent years, Iran has seen a notable rise in the number of individuals who remain single. Census data from recent decades further highlight substantial internal migration flows within the country. This article aimed to investigate the effects of migration and unemployment on the celibacy ratio among individuals over the age of 30, along with a spatial analysis of these factors. Materials & Methods This research employed a quantitative methodology utilizing secondary data analysis. Three key indicators—celibacy ratio, net migration, and unemployment rate—were derived from census data and the statistical yearbook of the Statistics Center of Iran. The celibacy ratio was calculated for the populations of the counties divided into two groups: men and women aged 30-39, 40-49, and 50 years and older. The analysis was conducted using ArcGIS and GeoDa software. Data analysis methods included least squares regression, geographically weighted regression, and Moran's spatial autocorrelation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that the celibacy ratio among individuals over 30 years of age was higher in the western, southwestern, and northwestern regions of Iran compared to other areas. Analysis revealed that net migration had a negative impact on the celibacy ratio for this demographic. Specifically, migration had led to an increase in the celibacy ratio in immigrant-sending counties, while it had decreased in immigrant-receiving counties. Conversely, the unemployment rate positively correlated with the celibacy ratio; counties with higher unemployment rates exhibited higher celibacy ratios, whereas those with lower unemployment had lower rates of singleness. There were notable gender differences in how migration and unemployment affected the celibacy ratio. The influence of these variables on the celibacy rate was more pronounced among women, particularly in the western regions of the country. High unemployment rates had contributed to increased celibacy rates for both females and males in certain counties. In some areas, male migration had further elevated the celibacy ratio among women. Application of bivariate Moran's I analysis revealed that counties in western Iran formed a significant low-high cluster characterized by low net migration (immigrant-sending) and high celibacy ratios. In contrast, many counties in the western half of Iran belonged to a high-high cluster marked by high unemployment rates and elevated celibacy ratios. Improving job creation could provide a foundation for marriage in some counties in the west and northwest of Iran by reducing migration and fostering the necessary conditions for family formation. Future research can focus on analyzing regional differences in population celibacy and exploring additional factors, apart from unemployment and migration that influence the celibacy ratio. Qualitative studies in this area could also provide valuable insights.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_30028_433657b0a35d2f4481303e65cfb2e0ef.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 A Systematic Review of Factors Affecting Employees’ Silent Resignation via Meta-synthesis Approach A Systematic Review of Factors Affecting Employees’ Silent Resignation via Meta-synthesis Approach 47 74 29999 10.22108/jas.2025.145478.2653 FA Ali Shaemi Barzoki Associate professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Hadi Teimouri Associate professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0003-3288-1319 Elham Afsharzada Ph.D. candidate in Management, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-7577-0315 Journal Article 2025 05 30 Introduction Silent resignation is an emerging challenge in human resource management, representing a negative organizational phenomenon that can significantly impede the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage. This behavioral condition among employees characterized by its conceptual and practical complexities has far-reaching implications for productivity and organizational survival, necessitating thorough and systematic investigation. Despite the increasing relevance of this issue in modern workplaces, a comprehensive and multidimensional framework that explains the antecedents of silent resignation remains absent in the management and human resource literature. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key determinants influencing silent resignation and propose a coherent, multi-level model. The research focused on analyzing empirical evidence and understanding the dynamic interplay among individual, group, organizational, and environmental factors. This approach sought to bridge the existing theoretical gap and lay the groundwork for practical interventions in workplace settings. By offering an integrated and multi-level perspective on the phenomenon, this research not only elucidated its unique manifestations and dynamics, but also provided theoretical insights and practical guidance for managing and mitigating this complex behavior of employees. Furthermore, it highlighted that effectively addressing this reactive behavior required simultaneous attention to macro-level societal trends, meso-level organizational practices, and micro-level individual experiences. Materials & Methods This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to employees' quiet quitting. Utilizing a systematic review and meta-synthesis approach, the research analyzed findings from previous studies. Given the novelty of the topic, it had largely remained unexplored in domestic research, making this the first systematic inquiry into the phenomenon within Iran. Initially, 202 peer-reviewed English-language academic articles were identified, from which 70 relevant studies were selected for in-depth analysis. The PRISMA framework guided the systematic screening process, while the CASP checklist was employed to assess the quality and eligibility of the sources. The reliability of the thematic structure was confirmed using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient and the content validity of the model was supported by feedback from 20 academic experts, utilizing the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Primary codes were extracted by using MAXQDA 2024 followed by a thematic analysis. This process resulted in the synthesis of 485 initial codes into 72 basic themes, 20 organizing themes, and 4 overarching global themes. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that factors influencing employees’ silent resignation could be categorized into 4 overarching dimensions: individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational. The individual dimension comprised 6 themes: personality and moral characteristics, demographic attributes, perceptual-attitudinal factors, physical-psychological conditions, behavioral-performance factors, and personal-family issues. The group dimension included 2 themes: intergroup relations and group cohesion. The organizational dimension was structured around 8 themes: job-related factors, structural factors, procedural factors, welfare-environmental factors, managerial-executive factors, cultural-climatic factors, motivational-supportive programs, and organizational macro-policies. Finally, the extra-organizational dimension encompassed 4 themes: economic conditions, global social transformations, national support policies, and technological developments. The results indicated that silent resignation was a multidimensional and complex phenomenon shaped by the simultaneous influence of individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational elements. Individual factors not only reinforced withdrawal behaviors, but also could create "domino effects" on team performance and group dynamics. Concurrently, a weak work environment, inefficient communication channels, and unresolved conflicts diminished employee motivation and engagement, fostering a culture of silent disengagement. Moreover, ineffective motivational-supportive programs, along with controlling and authoritarian leadership styles, exacerbated the organizational and managerial aspects of this phenomenon. This analysis highlighted that a unidimensional perspective on the antecedents of quiet quitting failed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. An integrated, multi-level approach was essential for effectively identifying and managing the diverse drivers of silent resignation within organizations. Therefore, managerial policies should prioritize preventive and engagement-enhancing strategies, such as developing coherent motivational programs, improving opportunities for professional growth, strengthening communication channels, promoting work-life balance, and fostering participatory and trust-based leadership styles. These measures not only enhanced employee satisfaction and commitment, but also strengthened organizational capacity to address covert withdrawal behaviors and cultivate a supportive, motivating organizational culture. Introduction Silent resignation is an emerging challenge in human resource management, representing a negative organizational phenomenon that can significantly impede the achievement of sustainable competitive advantage. This behavioral condition among employees characterized by its conceptual and practical complexities has far-reaching implications for productivity and organizational survival, necessitating thorough and systematic investigation. Despite the increasing relevance of this issue in modern workplaces, a comprehensive and multidimensional framework that explains the antecedents of silent resignation remains absent in the management and human resource literature. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key determinants influencing silent resignation and propose a coherent, multi-level model. The research focused on analyzing empirical evidence and understanding the dynamic interplay among individual, group, organizational, and environmental factors. This approach sought to bridge the existing theoretical gap and lay the groundwork for practical interventions in workplace settings. By offering an integrated and multi-level perspective on the phenomenon, this research not only elucidated its unique manifestations and dynamics, but also provided theoretical insights and practical guidance for managing and mitigating this complex behavior of employees. Furthermore, it highlighted that effectively addressing this reactive behavior required simultaneous attention to macro-level societal trends, meso-level organizational practices, and micro-level individual experiences. Materials & Methods This study aimed to identify the factors contributing to employees' quiet quitting. Utilizing a systematic review and meta-synthesis approach, the research analyzed findings from previous studies. Given the novelty of the topic, it had largely remained unexplored in domestic research, making this the first systematic inquiry into the phenomenon within Iran. Initially, 202 peer-reviewed English-language academic articles were identified, from which 70 relevant studies were selected for in-depth analysis. The PRISMA framework guided the systematic screening process, while the CASP checklist was employed to assess the quality and eligibility of the sources. The reliability of the thematic structure was confirmed using Cohen’s Kappa coefficient and the content validity of the model was supported by feedback from 20 academic experts, utilizing the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Primary codes were extracted by using MAXQDA 2024 followed by a thematic analysis. This process resulted in the synthesis of 485 initial codes into 72 basic themes, 20 organizing themes, and 4 overarching global themes. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that factors influencing employees’ silent resignation could be categorized into 4 overarching dimensions: individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational. The individual dimension comprised 6 themes: personality and moral characteristics, demographic attributes, perceptual-attitudinal factors, physical-psychological conditions, behavioral-performance factors, and personal-family issues. The group dimension included 2 themes: intergroup relations and group cohesion. The organizational dimension was structured around 8 themes: job-related factors, structural factors, procedural factors, welfare-environmental factors, managerial-executive factors, cultural-climatic factors, motivational-supportive programs, and organizational macro-policies. Finally, the extra-organizational dimension encompassed 4 themes: economic conditions, global social transformations, national support policies, and technological developments. The results indicated that silent resignation was a multidimensional and complex phenomenon shaped by the simultaneous influence of individual, group, organizational, and extra-organizational elements. Individual factors not only reinforced withdrawal behaviors, but also could create "domino effects" on team performance and group dynamics. Concurrently, a weak work environment, inefficient communication channels, and unresolved conflicts diminished employee motivation and engagement, fostering a culture of silent disengagement. Moreover, ineffective motivational-supportive programs, along with controlling and authoritarian leadership styles, exacerbated the organizational and managerial aspects of this phenomenon. This analysis highlighted that a unidimensional perspective on the antecedents of quiet quitting failed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. An integrated, multi-level approach was essential for effectively identifying and managing the diverse drivers of silent resignation within organizations. Therefore, managerial policies should prioritize preventive and engagement-enhancing strategies, such as developing coherent motivational programs, improving opportunities for professional growth, strengthening communication channels, promoting work-life balance, and fostering participatory and trust-based leadership styles. These measures not only enhanced employee satisfaction and commitment, but also strengthened organizational capacity to address covert withdrawal behaviors and cultivate a supportive, motivating organizational culture.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29999_19b3a1d1ef26cf865627fc01ba15f38f.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 Assessing University Youths’ Risk-Taking in Qazvin: A Study of Unhealthy Lifestyle Assessing University Youths’ Risk-Taking in Qazvin: A Study of Unhealthy Lifestyle 75 98 30044 10.22108/jas.2025.145831.2672 FA Mousa Saadati Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (RA), Qazvin, Iran Shafagh Raeisi MA. of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (RA), Qazvin, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 03 Introduction As a dynamic and educated segment of society, students have a profound influence on public health and social development. However, the prevalence of risky behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles among this group presents a significant challenge. These behaviors include tobacco and drug use, violence, unsafe sexual practices, and excessive reliance on virtual networks, all of which have detrimental physical and psychological effects and contribute to broader social issues, such as diminished social capital and weakened interpersonal relationships. Research indicates that these behaviors often emerge during youth and university years with a notable prevalence across various institutions. In this context, social and cultural capital can serve a preventive function by fostering trust, support, and social engagement, while also enhancing awareness and value-driven attitudes. This approach can promote healthier behaviors and mitigate students’ tendencies toward risk-taking. Given the critical role of the university period in shaping identity and lifestyle, this study aimed to explore the relationship between social and cultural capital and behavioral risk-taking among students at universities in Qazvin. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey method for data collection. It was applied in nature, aiming to yield practical and actionable insights within the field of investigation. The study was descriptive in scope, examining a broad range of data and cross-sectional in design. The statistical population comprised all university students in Qazvin City, totaling 39,533 individuals. The sample size was determined to be 380 calculated by using Cochran’s formula. A stratified sampling method was employed proportional to the sample size, which involved determining specific samples for each university according to gender distribution relative to their populations. Data were collected with a researcher-designed questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which exceeded 0.7 for all variables. Additionally, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in the field. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The present study aimed to explore the relationship between social and cultural capital and behavioral risk-taking among university students in Qazvin. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between both social and cultural capital and students' propensity for engaging in risky behaviors. This indicated that stronger social connections, trust, mutual support, and heightened cultural awareness and values could mitigate risk-taking behaviors and enhance the overall quality of the students’ lifestyles. Behavioral risk-taking as an indicator of an unhealthy lifestyle is directly influenced by the level of social and cultural capital. Students with robust social networks, higher levels of social participation, and richer cultural capital were less likely to engage in risky behaviors. The study also showed that different components of social and cultural capital affected various types of risky behaviors in distinct ways. For instance, social support was especially effective in reducing behaviors, such as excessive internet use and alcohol consumption, while social cohesion was more relevant to collective or interaction-based behaviors. Moreover, embodied cultural capital—comprising internalized cultural values and norms—exhibited the strongest negative correlation with risk-taking, thus underscoring the significance of internalized cultural awareness in shaping individual behavior. Regression analysis indicated that approximately 35% of the variance in the students' behavioral risk-taking could be attributed to social and cultural capital, suggesting that other factors, such as economic conditions, academic stress, media influences, and peer groups, also played a crucial role. Overall, the findings highlighted the protective role of social and cultural capital in reducing behavioral risk-taking among students. Strengthening these forms of capital within the university environment can serve as a preventive mechanism, fostering healthy behaviors and promoting the social and personal well-being of students. Introduction As a dynamic and educated segment of society, students have a profound influence on public health and social development. However, the prevalence of risky behaviors and unhealthy lifestyles among this group presents a significant challenge. These behaviors include tobacco and drug use, violence, unsafe sexual practices, and excessive reliance on virtual networks, all of which have detrimental physical and psychological effects and contribute to broader social issues, such as diminished social capital and weakened interpersonal relationships. Research indicates that these behaviors often emerge during youth and university years with a notable prevalence across various institutions. In this context, social and cultural capital can serve a preventive function by fostering trust, support, and social engagement, while also enhancing awareness and value-driven attitudes. This approach can promote healthier behaviors and mitigate students’ tendencies toward risk-taking. Given the critical role of the university period in shaping identity and lifestyle, this study aimed to explore the relationship between social and cultural capital and behavioral risk-taking among students at universities in Qazvin. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey method for data collection. It was applied in nature, aiming to yield practical and actionable insights within the field of investigation. The study was descriptive in scope, examining a broad range of data and cross-sectional in design. The statistical population comprised all university students in Qazvin City, totaling 39,533 individuals. The sample size was determined to be 380 calculated by using Cochran’s formula. A stratified sampling method was employed proportional to the sample size, which involved determining specific samples for each university according to gender distribution relative to their populations. Data were collected with a researcher-designed questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument was assessed by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, which exceeded 0.7 for all variables. Additionally, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in the field. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The present study aimed to explore the relationship between social and cultural capital and behavioral risk-taking among university students in Qazvin. The findings revealed a significant negative correlation between both social and cultural capital and students' propensity for engaging in risky behaviors. This indicated that stronger social connections, trust, mutual support, and heightened cultural awareness and values could mitigate risk-taking behaviors and enhance the overall quality of the students’ lifestyles. Behavioral risk-taking as an indicator of an unhealthy lifestyle is directly influenced by the level of social and cultural capital. Students with robust social networks, higher levels of social participation, and richer cultural capital were less likely to engage in risky behaviors. The study also showed that different components of social and cultural capital affected various types of risky behaviors in distinct ways. For instance, social support was especially effective in reducing behaviors, such as excessive internet use and alcohol consumption, while social cohesion was more relevant to collective or interaction-based behaviors. Moreover, embodied cultural capital—comprising internalized cultural values and norms—exhibited the strongest negative correlation with risk-taking, thus underscoring the significance of internalized cultural awareness in shaping individual behavior. Regression analysis indicated that approximately 35% of the variance in the students' behavioral risk-taking could be attributed to social and cultural capital, suggesting that other factors, such as economic conditions, academic stress, media influences, and peer groups, also played a crucial role. Overall, the findings highlighted the protective role of social and cultural capital in reducing behavioral risk-taking among students. Strengthening these forms of capital within the university environment can serve as a preventive mechanism, fostering healthy behaviors and promoting the social and personal well-being of students.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_30044_786032f8403e35ceff4dc367fd1a0e7e.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 Qualitative Analysis of Interactions between Body Culture and the Active Body Qualitative Analysis of Interactions between Body Culture and the Active Body 99 122 29930 10.22108/jas.2025.144781.2623 FA Hossein Donyapour Hossein Donyapour Ph.D. student in Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Fatemeh Abdavi Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Yaghoob Badri Azarin Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Mohammad Bagher Alizadeh Aghdam Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faulty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 07 Introduction This study investigated the interactions between body culture and the active body as a dynamic, bidirectional process influenced by individual, social, and cultural factors, rather than as isolated physiological or normative constructs. Within the framework of the sociology of the body, body culture encompasses the beliefs, practices, and norms that shape bodily experiences, while the active body signifies engagement in physical activities aimed at health, performance, and identity formation. Focusing on experts in physical education, health, and sports sociology in Iran, this research explored how these interactions manifest amidst sociocultural transformations, including media influences, urbanization, and global health discourses. In the Iranian context, traditional norms intersect with contemporary ideals of fitness and wellness, creating tensions in bodily management and participation in physical activities. Drawing on qualitative data, this study revealed that these interactions create a contested arena where cultural values both constrain and enable active lifestyles, thus contributing to broader understandings within the fields of sports sociology and public health. Materials & Methods This qualitative research utilized a constructivist grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and was conducted between 2024 and 2025. Data collection involved 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with professors, experts, managers, and specialists in physical education, health, and sports sociology, all of whom had a minimum of 5 years of relevant experience. Purposive and theoretical sampling ensured diversity in gender (55% male, 45% female), age (mean age of 42.65 years), education level (80% holding PhDs), and professional roles (50% professors, 35% coaches). Interviews ranged from 22 to 86 minutes and were supplemented by field notes and theoretical memos. The analysis followed a 3-phase coding process: open coding, which generated 792 initial codes that were subsequently reduced to 171 secondary codes and 24 concepts; axial coding, which clustered these into 15 categories; and selective coding, which integrated them around the core phenomenon. MAXQDA 2022 was used for coding and theoretical sensitivity was informed by the works of Bourdieu (1986/2019), Foucault (1982), and Giddens (1992/2023). To ensure trustworthiness, the study adhered to Lincoln and Guba's (1988) criteria, including credibility through member checking and triangulation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis identified 15 major categories that illuminated the complexities of interactions between body culture and the active body: Causal Conditions: Individual motivations (e.g., personal interest in sports, habitus as described by Bourdieu), socio-professional factors (e.g., social validation, bodily capital), and educational influences (e.g., scientific awareness) initiated and sustained these interactions, fostering proactive bodily engagement. Contextual Conditions: Cultural backgrounds (e.g., competitive norms, power discourses per Foucault), social interactions (e.g., family support), and physical environments (e.g., urban facilities) provided the sociocultural and infrastructural backdrop that enabled or limited the formation of the active body. Intervening Conditions: Psychosocial pressures (e.g., media ideals, gender expectations) and external constraints (e.g., time scarcity, pollution) modulated the process, often intensifying disciplinary mechanisms. In contrast, personal experiences (e.g., stress reduction through activity) offered counterbalances. Action Strategies: Personal planning (e.g., flexible goal-setting), social dynamism (e.g., group activities), and physical enhancement (e.g., professional coaching) represented adaptive responses that promoted self-management and communal reinforcement aligned with reflexive identity projects (Giddens). Consequences: Enhanced physical and mental health (e.g., improved sleep, reduced stress) and personal and social development (e.g., boosted confidence, stronger relationships) emerged as key outcomes, underscoring the transformative potential of these interactions. The core category—Interactions between Body Culture and the Active Body—captured the central process, through which experts navigated multifaceted influences to construct and sustain active lifestyles. Rather than exhibiting static compliance, participants described a reflexive, performative dynamic, in which cultural norms were internalized, resisted, and reshaped through bodily practices. This study revealed these interactions as fluid and negotiated experiences constrained by patriarchal and economic structures but enriched by agency, innovation, and health benefits. Being situated at the intersection of tradition and modernity in Iran, these interactions highlighted the role of body culture in promoting balanced lifestyles. This research offers a nuanced model for gender studies and public health, emphasizing the localized negotiations of global bodily ideals. The findings inform policy in sports management by advocating for infrastructure improvements, media literacy, and inclusive programs designed to mitigate barriers and amplify benefits for physical and mental well-being, as well as social equity. Introduction This study investigated the interactions between body culture and the active body as a dynamic, bidirectional process influenced by individual, social, and cultural factors, rather than as isolated physiological or normative constructs. Within the framework of the sociology of the body, body culture encompasses the beliefs, practices, and norms that shape bodily experiences, while the active body signifies engagement in physical activities aimed at health, performance, and identity formation. Focusing on experts in physical education, health, and sports sociology in Iran, this research explored how these interactions manifest amidst sociocultural transformations, including media influences, urbanization, and global health discourses. In the Iranian context, traditional norms intersect with contemporary ideals of fitness and wellness, creating tensions in bodily management and participation in physical activities. Drawing on qualitative data, this study revealed that these interactions create a contested arena where cultural values both constrain and enable active lifestyles, thus contributing to broader understandings within the fields of sports sociology and public health. Materials & Methods This qualitative research utilized a constructivist grounded theory approach (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) and was conducted between 2024 and 2025. Data collection involved 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews with professors, experts, managers, and specialists in physical education, health, and sports sociology, all of whom had a minimum of 5 years of relevant experience. Purposive and theoretical sampling ensured diversity in gender (55% male, 45% female), age (mean age of 42.65 years), education level (80% holding PhDs), and professional roles (50% professors, 35% coaches). Interviews ranged from 22 to 86 minutes and were supplemented by field notes and theoretical memos. The analysis followed a 3-phase coding process: open coding, which generated 792 initial codes that were subsequently reduced to 171 secondary codes and 24 concepts; axial coding, which clustered these into 15 categories; and selective coding, which integrated them around the core phenomenon. MAXQDA 2022 was used for coding and theoretical sensitivity was informed by the works of Bourdieu (1986/2019), Foucault (1982), and Giddens (1992/2023). To ensure trustworthiness, the study adhered to Lincoln and Guba's (1988) criteria, including credibility through member checking and triangulation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis identified 15 major categories that illuminated the complexities of interactions between body culture and the active body: Causal Conditions: Individual motivations (e.g., personal interest in sports, habitus as described by Bourdieu), socio-professional factors (e.g., social validation, bodily capital), and educational influences (e.g., scientific awareness) initiated and sustained these interactions, fostering proactive bodily engagement. Contextual Conditions: Cultural backgrounds (e.g., competitive norms, power discourses per Foucault), social interactions (e.g., family support), and physical environments (e.g., urban facilities) provided the sociocultural and infrastructural backdrop that enabled or limited the formation of the active body. Intervening Conditions: Psychosocial pressures (e.g., media ideals, gender expectations) and external constraints (e.g., time scarcity, pollution) modulated the process, often intensifying disciplinary mechanisms. In contrast, personal experiences (e.g., stress reduction through activity) offered counterbalances. Action Strategies: Personal planning (e.g., flexible goal-setting), social dynamism (e.g., group activities), and physical enhancement (e.g., professional coaching) represented adaptive responses that promoted self-management and communal reinforcement aligned with reflexive identity projects (Giddens). Consequences: Enhanced physical and mental health (e.g., improved sleep, reduced stress) and personal and social development (e.g., boosted confidence, stronger relationships) emerged as key outcomes, underscoring the transformative potential of these interactions. The core category—Interactions between Body Culture and the Active Body—captured the central process, through which experts navigated multifaceted influences to construct and sustain active lifestyles. Rather than exhibiting static compliance, participants described a reflexive, performative dynamic, in which cultural norms were internalized, resisted, and reshaped through bodily practices. This study revealed these interactions as fluid and negotiated experiences constrained by patriarchal and economic structures but enriched by agency, innovation, and health benefits. Being situated at the intersection of tradition and modernity in Iran, these interactions highlighted the role of body culture in promoting balanced lifestyles. This research offers a nuanced model for gender studies and public health, emphasizing the localized negotiations of global bodily ideals. The findings inform policy in sports management by advocating for infrastructure improvements, media literacy, and inclusive programs designed to mitigate barriers and amplify benefits for physical and mental well-being, as well as social equity.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_29930_3cd90b28448172345043bb9cf6531028.pdf

University of Isfahan Journal of Applied Sociology 2008-5745 37 2 2026 06 22 Using the Combined Approach to Explain Managers’ Role in Attracting Benefactors’ Support in the Field of Health (Case Study: Affiliated Hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences) Using the Combined Approach to Explain Managers’ Role in Attracting Benefactors’ Support in the Field of Health (Case Study: Affiliated Hospitals of Yazd University of Medical Sciences) 123 144 30000 10.22108/jas.2025.145820.2669 FA Negar Jalilian Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Imam Javad Institute of Higher Education, Yazd, Iran Somayeh Baqeri Fahrafi MA., Department of Management, Imam Javad Institute of Higher Education, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2025 07 02 . Introduction In the healthcare sector, the scope and diversity of services are vast and continually expanding, leading to increased operational, financial, and infrastructural demands on medical and health facilities. Consequently, the Ministry of Health alone cannot adequately address these growing needs and expectations. One of the most effective and sustainable solutions to bridge this gap within the healthcare system is the active engagement of philanthropists and charitable organizations. When benevolent individuals invest their financial, intellectual, or social resources in public welfare initiatives, their contributions can significantly enhance healthcare accessibility, service quality, and patient satisfaction. However, such contributions require structured management, proper guidance, and institutional support to ensure alignment with healthcare priorities. In this context, hospital managers play a crucial role as intermediaries, bridging the divide between public healthcare needs and philanthropic intentions. Their strategic involvement in planning, coordinating, and facilitating donor engagement is essential for maximizing the impact of charitable contributions. Therefore, understanding the specific managerial roles that facilitate the attraction and retention of philanthropic support is of paramount importance. This study aimed to identify, analyze, and model the key roles of hospital managers in attracting philanthropic support within the healthcare system, offering actionable insights for both policy and practice. Materials and Methods This study employed an analytical and applied research design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative techniques to ensure depth and generalizability of findings. It was classified as applied, survey-based, and descriptive in terms of purpose, data collection, and variable control, respectively. The statistical population comprised all hospital managers, healthcare system experts, and active health philanthropists in Yazd Province. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation of key stakeholders involved in philanthropic activities. The research process was conducted in 3 consecutive stages. In the first stage, a qualitative content analysis was performed through a comprehensive literature review and in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals to identify the main managerial roles influencing philanthropic engagement. Based on the roles identified in this phase, a DEMATEL questionnaire was designed and distributed to the selected participants in the second stage. The collected data were analyzed using the intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL technique to assess the degree of influence and dependence of each managerial role. Finally, in the third stage, the results were integrated into the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) framework to construct a hierarchical structure that elucidated the interrelationships and levels of influence among the identified roles. The outcome of this multi-stage process was the development of a comprehensive interpretive structural model that represented the dynamic interactions between hospital managers’ roles in attracting philanthropic support, providing a practical roadmap for healthcare institutions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings from the content analysis and expert interviews revealed 48 conceptual subcategories, which were organized into 12 major dimensions: (1) personal branding of managers, (2) justification and persuasion skills, (3) networking and organizational capabilities, (4) recognition of hospital needs, (5) negotiation diplomacy and communication with philanthropists, (6) mutual interaction and retention of philanthropists, (7) cultural promotion, (8) trust-building, (9) motivation creation, (10) philanthropic behavior and religious beliefs, (11) understanding attraction mechanisms, and (12) recognition of barriers and challenges. The intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL analysis indicated that these twelve roles were interdependent, forming a network of reciprocal influence. Among them, “recognizing barriers and challenges”, “understanding hospital needs”, and “knowing attraction mechanisms” were identified as the most influential factors shaping other managerial functions. Additionally, “persuasion ability”, “trust-building”, “networking and organizing”, “creating motivation”, and “mutual interaction with philanthropists” demonstrated the highest levels of mutual dependence, underscoring their crucial role in sustaining philanthropic relationships. By integrating the outputs of the intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL and ISM methods, the study proposed a comprehensive interpretive structural model of hospital managers’ roles in attracting philanthropic support for hospitals affiliated with Yazd University of Medical Sciences. This model offers a practical framework for managers and policymakers, emphasizing the need for strategic planning, transparency, continuous communication with donors, and effective relationship management to mobilize philanthropic resources successfully. The findings highlighted that strengthening key managerial competencies not only enhances the effectiveness of individual roles, but also creates a synergistic effect across the network of roles, ultimately contributing to the sustainability of philanthropic engagement in the healthcare sector. . Introduction In the healthcare sector, the scope and diversity of services are vast and continually expanding, leading to increased operational, financial, and infrastructural demands on medical and health facilities. Consequently, the Ministry of Health alone cannot adequately address these growing needs and expectations. One of the most effective and sustainable solutions to bridge this gap within the healthcare system is the active engagement of philanthropists and charitable organizations. When benevolent individuals invest their financial, intellectual, or social resources in public welfare initiatives, their contributions can significantly enhance healthcare accessibility, service quality, and patient satisfaction. However, such contributions require structured management, proper guidance, and institutional support to ensure alignment with healthcare priorities. In this context, hospital managers play a crucial role as intermediaries, bridging the divide between public healthcare needs and philanthropic intentions. Their strategic involvement in planning, coordinating, and facilitating donor engagement is essential for maximizing the impact of charitable contributions. Therefore, understanding the specific managerial roles that facilitate the attraction and retention of philanthropic support is of paramount importance. This study aimed to identify, analyze, and model the key roles of hospital managers in attracting philanthropic support within the healthcare system, offering actionable insights for both policy and practice. Materials and Methods This study employed an analytical and applied research design, integrating both qualitative and quantitative techniques to ensure depth and generalizability of findings. It was classified as applied, survey-based, and descriptive in terms of purpose, data collection, and variable control, respectively. The statistical population comprised all hospital managers, healthcare system experts, and active health philanthropists in Yazd Province. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure representation of key stakeholders involved in philanthropic activities. The research process was conducted in 3 consecutive stages. In the first stage, a qualitative content analysis was performed through a comprehensive literature review and in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals to identify the main managerial roles influencing philanthropic engagement. Based on the roles identified in this phase, a DEMATEL questionnaire was designed and distributed to the selected participants in the second stage. The collected data were analyzed using the intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL technique to assess the degree of influence and dependence of each managerial role. Finally, in the third stage, the results were integrated into the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) framework to construct a hierarchical structure that elucidated the interrelationships and levels of influence among the identified roles. The outcome of this multi-stage process was the development of a comprehensive interpretive structural model that represented the dynamic interactions between hospital managers’ roles in attracting philanthropic support, providing a practical roadmap for healthcare institutions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings from the content analysis and expert interviews revealed 48 conceptual subcategories, which were organized into 12 major dimensions: (1) personal branding of managers, (2) justification and persuasion skills, (3) networking and organizational capabilities, (4) recognition of hospital needs, (5) negotiation diplomacy and communication with philanthropists, (6) mutual interaction and retention of philanthropists, (7) cultural promotion, (8) trust-building, (9) motivation creation, (10) philanthropic behavior and religious beliefs, (11) understanding attraction mechanisms, and (12) recognition of barriers and challenges. The intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL analysis indicated that these twelve roles were interdependent, forming a network of reciprocal influence. Among them, “recognizing barriers and challenges”, “understanding hospital needs”, and “knowing attraction mechanisms” were identified as the most influential factors shaping other managerial functions. Additionally, “persuasion ability”, “trust-building”, “networking and organizing”, “creating motivation”, and “mutual interaction with philanthropists” demonstrated the highest levels of mutual dependence, underscoring their crucial role in sustaining philanthropic relationships. By integrating the outputs of the intuitionistic fuzzy DEMATEL and ISM methods, the study proposed a comprehensive interpretive structural model of hospital managers’ roles in attracting philanthropic support for hospitals affiliated with Yazd University of Medical Sciences. This model offers a practical framework for managers and policymakers, emphasizing the need for strategic planning, transparency, continuous communication with donors, and effective relationship management to mobilize philanthropic resources successfully. The findings highlighted that strengthening key managerial competencies not only enhances the effectiveness of individual roles, but also creates a synergistic effect across the network of roles, ultimately contributing to the sustainability of philanthropic engagement in the healthcare sector.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_30000_70156744454843eee2d8b0f115a534bb.pdf